World+Modern+History

= Pg 350 -359 notes =


 * European merchant fleets seized control of key international tradin routes. Initial spanish and Portugese leadership was followed by growing efforts from britain, France, and Holland.

Europes maritime dominance generated three wider changes, developing from the 1490s onward. One was the columbian ehxchange of foods, dieases and people.

A second was new export import patterns that created durable economic inferioritites. A third was the emergence of new overseas empires.

Europe developed a network of overseas colonies particually in the Americas but also in a few parts of africa and asia. By the 18th century, growing european inroads in india marked a decisive change in south asia.

= LEADERSHIP ANALYSIS =

Chris Coleman AP World History Period 4 1/4/10

Leadership Analysis

Choson was conquered by the Han emporer Wudi. Thereafter, parts of Korea were colonized by Chinese Settlers, who remained for nearly four enemies. Despite the conquest and colonization under the Han, the tribal peoples of the peninsula, particularly the Koguryo in the north, soon resisted Chinese rule. As Chinese control weakened, the Kogyuro established an independent state in the northern half of the peninsula that was soon at war with two southern rivals, Sila and Paekche. Siniufication that is the exte3nsive adoption of Chinese culture in Korea.

Centuries of warfare between the three Korean kingdoms weakened eacvh without giving paramount power in the peninmsula to any. The Chinese conqueros began to quarrel with their Silla allies over how to divide the spoils. Under the Silla monarchs, who ruled from 668 until the late 19th century, and the Koryo dynasty that followedm Chinese influences peaked and Korean culture achieved its first full flowering. The silla rulers rebuilt their capital at Kumsong on the Kyongju plain to look like its Tang counterpart. Partly out of self interest, the Korean elite continued to favor Buddhism over Confuciasm.

With the exception of Buddhist sects such as the pure land that had strong appeal of the ordinary people, imports from China in this and later eras were all but monopolized by the tiny elite. = LIST SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES B/W RUSSIAN EXPANSION AND EARLIER EUROPEAN EXPANSION = Similarities: Expansion driven by new ideas and technology Sponsorship of female leaders compare Cossacks with Conquistadors Both countries were sponsored
 * PETER**
 * Peter adopted the wwestern weuropeans, created a well defined territory which was the secret police
 * Moved from moscow to a city and named it after Peter
 * Manufacturing and trade, Improved their economy
 * Became more modernized
 * KATRHERINE**
 * took charge of the land that the church had
 * nobles became more powerful
 * she put all the control on the nobles and ended up made peasants poor
 * napolean came into place because of this
 * She was strict about leading, because it was important to her to please the nobles
 * The rebellion, surfs finally rising up
 * serfs got better rights
 * She pormoted local govts. and disticts, started treating the surfs badly
 * She wanted to bring enlightment to Russia
 * she favored the ability

Differences: Russian expansion expanded only their surrounding with soviets because they dont really nwant to expand to other countries such as the US, Unlike European who expanded overseas to places like Spain, the U.S etc, and when they went there, they wanted to take over those places *russia= State empowerment, land base *europe= spread religion, sea base = ﻿NOTES ON SERFDOM, DEPENDENCE, SOCIAL UNREST, AND EASTERN EUROPE = Serfdom:
 * During the 17th and 18th centuries, the power of the nobility over the serfs increased steadily. Before the Mongol conquest, Russian peasants had been largely free farmers with a legal position superior to that of their medieval Western counterparts.
 * Russia was setting up a system of serfdom very close to outright slavery in that serfs could be brought and sold, gambled away, and punished by their masters.
 * The system was a very unusual case in which a people essentially enslaved many of its own members, in contrast to most slave systems, which focused on "outsiders."

Dependance: In between serfs and landlords, there were few layers of russian society. Cities were small and 95 percent of the population remained rural.
 * Government growth encouraged some nonnoble bureaucrats and professionals.
 * Small merchant groups existed as well, although most of Russia's European trade was handled by Westerners posted to the russian cities and relying on Western shopping.
 * Russias social and economic system worked well in many respects.
 * Produced enoguh revenue to support an expanding state and empire.
 * Underwrote the the aristocratic magnates and their glittering, westernized culture.
 * The system, along with russias expansion, yielded signifficant population growth.
 * Most agricultural methods were highly traditional, and there was little motivation among the peasantry for imporvement because increased production usually was taken to the landlord.

Social Unrest Russias economic and social system led to protest. By the end of the 18th century, a small but growing number of Western-oriented aristocrats such as Radishev were criticizing the regime's backwardness, urging measures as far reaching as the abolition of serfdom.
 * Russian peasants for the most part were politically loyal to the tsar, but they harbored bitter resentments against their landlords, whom they accused of taking lands that were rightfully theirs.
 * Peasant rebellions had occured from the 17th century onward, but the Pugachev rebellion of the 1770s was particually strong,
 * Pugoshav a costar, promised an end to serfdom, taxation, and military cinscription along with the abolition of the landed aristocarcy.
 * The triumph of Catherine and the nobility highlighted the mutual dependance of government and the upper class but did not end protest.

Eastern Europe:
 * Russian history did not include the whole of Eastern europe after the 15th century. Regions west of Russia continued to form a fluctuating borderland between western european and eastern european influences.
 * Even in the balkans, under Ottoman control, growing trade with the West sparked some new cultural exchange by the 18th century, as Greek merchants, for example, picked up many Enlightment ideas.
 * The plish scientist Copernicus was an early participant in fundamental discoveries in what became the Scientific Revolution.
 * The decline of Poland was particually striking. In 1500, Poland, formed in 1386 by a union of the regional kingdoms of Poland and Lithuania, was the largest state in eastern Europe aside from Russia.
 * Rural conditions in many other parts of Eastern europe were similar. Nobles maintained estate agriculture in Poland, Hungary, and elsewhere.
 * they used the system to support their political control and distinctive lifestyle, as in Russia.
 * The intensification of estate agriculture and serf labor also reflected Eastern Europes growing economic subordination.

Encomedians and Serfdom were similar by how they were both free men

=NOTES ON THE 18TH CENTURY REFORMS=

THE SHIFTING BALANCE OF POLITICS AND TRADE

By the 18th century, it was clear that the spanish colonial system had become outmoded and that sapins exclusive hold on the indies was no longer secure.
 * Since the 16th century, French, Dutch, and English ship captains had combined contraband trade with raiding in trhe spanish empire, and although Spains European rivals could not seize Mexico or Peru, the sparsely populated islands and coasts of the Caribbean became likely targets.
 * Frewnch took control of western hispaniola by 1697, and other islands turned to a sugar production and the creation of slave and plantation colonies much like those in Brazil.
 * Even with Spain in decline, the West Indies still seemed an attractive prized coveted by other powers, and the opportunity to gain them was not long in coming.
 * The War of the Spanish Succession ensued and the result at the Treaty of Utrecht was recognition of a branch of the Bourbon family as rulers of Spain.

THE BOURBON REFORMS


 * In this age of lightened despotism, the spanish bourbon monarchs especially Charles III, were moved by economic nationalism and a desire for strong centralized government to institute economic, administrative, and military reforms in Spain and its empire.
 * Certain groups or institutions that opposed thesemeasures or stood in the way might be punished or suppresed.
 * The Jesuit order, with its special allegiance to Rome, its rumored wealth, and its missionsin the New World was a prime target.

POMBAL AND BRAZIL


 * the Bomburdan reforms in Spain and Spanish America were paralleled in the portugese world during the administration of the Marquis of Pombal.