Spanish+and+Portugal+in+the+Americas

Spanish and Portugal in the Americas

=ESPIRIT Chart: Safavids=

E:

 * MAIN IDEA: Islam led turksi victoies on battlefield. Army had taken Tabriz where Ismail was proclaimed emperor. successes were brough into conflict with Ottoman Rulers**
 * Ismail led Turkish followers to string of victories on battlefield.
 * Army took city Tabriz, where he was proclaimed shah, or emperor.
 * Ismails followers conquered most of Persia
 * The Safavid successes were brough into conflict with Ottoman Rulers because of Turkish speaking peoples

S:

 * MAIN IDEA:Ozbergs were a neighboring nomadic people. A stock back into central asain steppes. Armies of the two empires met in one of the most fateful battles**
 * Ozbergs- a neighboring nomadic people,
 * Turksih stock back into central asain steppes
 * Advanced to what is known as Iraq.
 * Armies of the two empires met in one of the most fateful battles in Islamic history.

P:

 * MAIN IDEA: Safavids founded a dynasty that conquered what is now known Iran Establsihed it as on of the strongest and most enduring centers of Shi'ish=m. arose from the struggles of rival Turkic nomadic groups in the wake of the Mongol .made the greatest use of the youths who were captured in Russia**
 * In the first years of the 16th century, the Safavids founded a dynasty that conquered what is now known Iran.
 * Restoring Persia as a major center of political power and cultural creativity.
 * Establsihed it as on of the strongest and most enduring centers of Shi'ish=m within the Islamic world.
 * Safavid dynasty arose from the struggles of rival Turkic nomadic groups in the wake of the Mongol and Turkish invasions
 * Abbas the Great, made the greatest use of the youths who were captured in Russia, then educated/ conveted to Islam.

I:

 * MAIN IDEA: importance of muskets and field cannon in gunpowder age. Ismail threw cavalry against cannon massed muskets of Ottoman forces. withdrawral of Ottoman armies gave Safavids breathing space needed to regroup forces**
 * Battle demonstrated importance of muskets and field cannon in gunpowder age
 * Ismail hoped to delay desicive confrontation with Ottoman forces under Sultan Selim.
 * When battle couldn't be avoided, Ismail threw cavalry against cannon massed muskets of Ottoman forces.
 * withdrawral of Ottoman armies gave Safavids breathing space needed to regroup forces, reoccupy much of the teritory they oiginally conquered.

R:

 * MAIN IDEA: split developed in the community of the faithful between the Sunnis. Safavid Dynasty had its origins in a family of Sufi mysticsSailal-Din, gave dynasty name, bagan militant campaign . Mullahs, both local mosque officials and prayer leades**
 * Unlike Ottomans, who became the champions of the Sunni majority of the Muslim faithful, the Safavids espoused the Shi'a variant of Islam
 * A split developed in the community of the faithful between the Sunnis, who recognized the legitimac of the first three successors to Muhammad, and Shia who believed that only the fourth successor ha the right to succeed the prophet.
 * The Safavid Dynasty had its origins in a family of Sufi mystics and religious preachers
 * Sailal-Din, gave dynasty name, bagan militant campaign to purify/ reform Islam
 * Mullahs, both local mosque officials and prayer leades, supervised state given some support from it

I:

 * MAIN IDEA:Safavids and Ottomans were rivals. Islamic Heartlands, changed their lives because of predeccesors and and struggle against restrictions. devoted special attention to capital Isfahan.**
 * Though Safavids and Ottomans were rivals, social systems that developed under both dynasties were in common.
 * Many women in Islamic Heartlands, changed their lives because of predeccesors and and struggle against restrictions.
 * Althoguh Abbas I undertook building projects throughout his empire, devoted special attention to capital Isfahan.

T:
=Pg. 484 - 491 Outline, Notes, MaIN IDEA, Short Summary= __**The Asain Trading World and the Coming of The Europeans**__
 * MAIN IDEA: workshops products ranging from miniature paintings ,rugs o weapons, metal utensils were manufactured. more technically backward than that of Ottoman Rivals**
 * Dynasties worked in imperial workshops products ranging from miniature paintings ,
 * rugs to weapons, metal utensils were manufactured
 * Safavid economy more technically backward than that of Ottoman Rivals
 * In the centuies following da Gama's voyage, most European enterprise in the Indian Ocean centered on efforrts to find the most profitable ways to carry Asain products to Europe.
 * Some Europeans went to Asia not for personal gain, but to convert others to Chistianity,
 * Missionaries with traders settled in coatal enclaves


 * Asain sea trading Network broken down into three main zones, focused on major events of handicraft manufacture

Two general characterisitcs of the trading system at the time of the Portugese arrival critical to European attempts to regulate and dominate.
 * Moonsoon winds and the nature of the ships and navigational instruments availible to sailors had dictated the main trade routes in the Asain network.

MAIN IDEA: European enterprise in the Indian Ocean centered on efforrts to find the most profitable ways. sea trading Network broken down into three main zoneswinds and the nature of the ships and navigational instruments availible to sailors __**Trading Empire: The portugese Response to the Encounter at Cakkcut**__


 * Portugese found sea patrols and aids on coastal towns were not sufficient to control the trade in the terms they wanted


 * In that they took Ormuz at the southern end of the Persian Gulf
 * In 1510 they captured Goa on the Western Indian coast.


 * The aim of the empire was to establish Portugese monopoly contol over key asain products, such as cinnamon.

MAIN IDEA:they took Ormuz at the southern end of the Persian was to establish Portugese monopoly contol over key asain products. __**Portugese Vulnerability and the Rise of the Dutch and English Trading Empires**__ MAIN IDEA: Captured the critical Potugeseport/fortress at Malacca towns and factories, warships on patrol, and monopoly control of a limited number of productshelped sustain Hollands Golden Age __**Going Ashore: European Tribute System in Asia**__ MAIN IDEA: conquest of Luzon and the northern islands was facilitated by the that resembled the Spanish imposed of Native Americans __**Spreading the Faith: The Missionary Enterprise in South and Southeast Asia**__
 * The overextended and declining Portugese trading empire proved no match for the Dutch and English rivals, whose war fleets challenged in the early 17th century.
 * Captured the critical Potugeseport/fortress at Malacca
 * Built a new port of their own in 1620 at Batavia on the island of Java
 * The Dutch Tading Empire was made up of the same basic components as the portugese
 * fortified towns and factories, warships on patrol, and monopoly control of a limited number of products..
 * Spices in Europs helped sustain Hollands Golden Age
 * The conquest of Luzon and the northern islands was facilitated by the fact that the antiministic inhabitants lived in small states
 * Mindanao ruled by a single kingdom whose Muslim rules were against Christianity
 * Set up tributes that resembled the Spanish imposed of Native Americans
 * Asain areas where Europeans enclaves were established in the early centuries of expansion


 * Francis Xavier, who were willing to minister to the poor.


 * Robert di Nobili davised a different conversion strategy in the early 1600s, learned several indian langurages


 * Beyon socially stigmatized groups such as the untouchables, the conversion of the general populace in Asia occurred only in isolated areas.


 * Filipinos formally converted to Catholicism.

MAIN IDEA: areas where Europeans enclaves were established in the early centuries of expansionNobili davised a different conversion strategy in the early 1600s, learned several indian langurages socially stigmatized groups such as the untouchables, the conversion of the general populace in Asia.

__**Ming China: A Global Mssion Refused**__


 * Renewed agrarian and commercial growth


 * Zhu's armies conquered most of China.


 * Zhu declared himself the Hongwu emperor in 1368. He reigned for 30 years.

MAIN IDEA:agrarian and commercial. the Hongwu emperor in 1368. He reigned for 30 years.

SUMMARY: Captured the critical Potugeseport/fortress at Malacca towns and factories, warships on patrol, and monopoly control of a limited number of productshelped sustain Hollands Golden Age. conquest of Luzon and the northern islands was facilitated by the that resembled the Spanish imposed of Native Americans. areas where Europeans enclaves were established in the early centuries of expansionNobili davised a different conversion strategy in the early 1600s, learned several indian langurages socially stigmatized groups such as the untouchables, the conversion of the general populace in Asia.

Test Prep Use the table below to take notes on major events/developments that occurred during this time period.


 * Region || Major Events || Major Developments || Major Continuities ||
 * Western Europe || * The countries of Norse Swedes and Danes were launching points for the viking raids.
 * The enabling factors of the viking raids were the warm weather and the Scandinavians were not inhibit
 * culturethat dicouradged pilaging. Scandinavia also became overpopulated & farming did not support the population
 * Raiders from scandinavia invaded Britain.
 * Germanic tribes migrated westward out of Eastern Europe, due to invasions from the east by Huns, Avars,. Magyars, and other normadic peoples from Asia. || * The Franks made launching points for Viking Raids in Norse, Swedes, and Danes, and Their targets for viking raids were English, Gales and Scotti
 * The raids afflicted the British Isles and the Northern Coasts of the European Mainlands.
 * By the early 9th century, nearly all of the Germanic peoples had been conquered and submitte to frankish rule. EVen though franks were originally a a Germanic Tribe, they had intermixed with the Romano catholic people that inhabited the Roman province of Gaul before their conquests.
 * Swedish/Norse ruling still intact, but the population was overwhelmingly Slovic || * The Khazar kingdom expands, but but by the early 800s, it is beset by civil wars and strife.
 * The franks conquered the Lombards in northern Italy, driving them to the Lombard territoriesin Southern Italy.
 * Lombard kings invite Muslim saracens, to intervene on their behalf in battles with other Lombard kingdoms.
 * Lombards and Byzantines finally to unite to drive saracens out of Italy. ||
 * Central/South Americas || *The big changes in the period 500-1450 did not involve political boundaries, but did involve the spread of the major world religions such as Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam. These religions spread across political and cultural borders and made new systems of trade that connected much of Asia, Africa, and Europe.
 * Many religious leaders looked down onmerchants as likely to be seduced from a life of piety by the lure of wealth. Trading often disseminate religion, and confidence in a divine order helped merchants to take risks. || *During the postclassical period, systematic international trade developement that went far beyond the carrying capacity of the Silk Road. The Indian Ocean and mediterranean Sea were the hubs of this trade, which brought northwestern Europe, west africa, Japan, and other regions into the existing east- west trade routes between China and Egypt. || *As it name indicates, the postclassical period followed the decline of the great classical empires. A second effect of the decline of the classical empires was the collapse of established boundaries.


 * Expanding trade encouraged the development of better ships and new navigational devices. ||
 * North America || *American revolution in 1775
 * 1779 Created the constitiution
 * The persistence of the revolutionaries was combined with British military blunders and signifficant aid from the French govt.
 * Unted States won its freedom
 * In 1789, set up a new constitutional structure based on Enlightement principles
 * Voting rights were limited through widespread. || *Socially the revolution accomplished less: slavery was untouched*African born saltwater slaves, who were almost invariably black and their American born decendants, the Creole slaves, some of whom were mulatoos as a result of the sexual exploitation of slave women or othe forms of miscegenation. || *This hierarchy was a creation of the slaveholders and did not neccessarily reflect perceptions among the slaves. Although economic factors imposed similarities, the slave based societies also varied in their composition. North American cities such as Charleston and New Orleans also developed a large slave and free African population. ||
 * Russia || Russias economic and social system led to protest. By the end of the 18th century, a small but growing number of Western-oriented aristocrats such as Radishev were criticizing the regime's backwardness, urging measures as far reaching as the abolition of serfdom.
 * Russian peasants for the most part were politically loyal to the tsar, but they harbored bitter resentments against their landlords, whom they accused of taking lands that were rightfully theirs. || *Russian history did not include the whole of Eastern europe after the 15th century. Regions west of Russia continued to form a fluctuating borderland between western european and eastern european influences.
 * Even in the balkans, under Ottoman control, growing trade with the West sparked some new cultural exchange by the 18th century, as Greek merchants, for example, picked up many Enlightment ideas. || *The plish scientist Copernicus was an early participant in fundamental discoveries in what became the Scientific Revolution.
 * The decline of Poland was particually striking. In 1500, Poland, formed in 1386 by a union of the regional kingdoms of Poland and Lithuania, was the largest state in eastern Europe aside from Russia. ||
 * Middle East || *Russia shared many feature with the rest of northeastern Euurope before the 15th century.
 * During the 6th and 7th centuries, traders from Scandinavia began to work through the Slavic lands, moving along the great rivers of western russia.
 * The Scandinavian traders, militarily superior to the Slavs, gradually set up some governments along their trade route to the city of Kiev.
 * monarchy emerged || *The Scandinavian traders, militarily superior to the Slavs, gradually set up some governments along their trade route to the city of Kiev.
 * monarchy emerged
 * Rurik became first prince to be called Kievan Rus
 * Vladimir converted Christianity
 * Russian Orthodox seperated || Defining the territory of the two related civilizations that developed in Europe is particually difficult. A number of states sat, and still sit, on the borders of the two civilizations, sharing some characteristics of each. The questions of defining Europes civilizations s a particualy thorny case of a larger problem. If a civilization is defined simply by its mainstream culture, then eastern and western Europe in the postclassical period divide logically according to Orthodox and Catholic territories. ||
 * India || India's among other cultures is distinctive due to it being born throught experience of historical events and its widespread geography. Unlike China, India was more connected to other civilizations. Because of this, India was more influenced than China from the Mediterranean wolrd and the Middle East. This also triggured for Persian empires to invade India inspiring the country with new ideas of political concepts and artistic styles. Along with this, famous leaders such as __Alexander the Great__ invaded India and influenced India with Hellenestic culture but was not able to establish a empire that was durable. With all these new influences, cultures and ideas in India, this helped shape the vital features of civilization with topography. || While all of this was occuring in India, it was still partially seperated from Asia ,to the northern mountain ranges which are the Himalayas. Though passes through those mountains helped India link to other civilizations in the Middle East. In terms of climate, the weather in India could get extremely hot and humid with heat rising to 120 degrees ferenheit during the summer, which could possibly make __monsoons__ occur. || Some being a simple storm, while others caused extreme floods. Indias civilization was not only shaped by its physical period but by a formative period that lasted several centuries where the Indus River civilization died off, and the revival of the civilization in the subcontinent. this time period was called the __Verdic and Epic Ages__, where the Arayans originally from Asia moved to India with their own impact on the culture and social structure of their new home around 1500 to 1000 B.C.E.The Arayans history was written down in __Sanskrit__, which was the first literary language of the new culture, along with sacred books called the __Vedas__, meaning knowledge. The first epic, which was the Rig-Veda consist of 1028 hymns dedicated to the Aryan Gods. Other Epics include the Mahabharata, Ramayana, and Upanishads. Whenever Aryans were seperated into social classes, it was referred to as __Varnas__ which are familiar in agricultural societies. One group that was in the Varnas were the __Untouchables__ who were confined to a few jobs. ||
 * China || *Trade and commerce were developed

*Grand canal linked civbilizations in the north with the Yangtze river

*Horses persian rugs, and tapestries were imported

*Allowed for social mobility through the imperial examination system, which let young men rise in powerin the bureaucratic system

*Women had a lot of rights and social status. || *Urban centers: towns grew into cities

*Bureaucracy was filled with well paid officials with little work to do.

*Complementary lovers

*Educated but meek and dainty

*Power only within private sphere

*Virtue and virginity were prized

*suppressed women

*Gained popularity soley in its dynasty

*stressed woman's rols as a homemaker

*were not tolerantt of buddhists || *Both dynasties used the grand canal for internal trade and to supple millet and rice in the bulk to the south.

*With trade expanding banking started to form. Flying money, which prevented theft on journeys.

Practiced footbinding Unfair double standards about pre-marital sex Disagreed with Buddhist ideas of women ||
 * Japan || From the 12th century onward, Japanese history was increasingly dominated by civil wars between shifting factions of the court aristocracy and local landlors, which ended only with the rise of the Tokugawa warlord family in the early 1600s. Chinese influence declined steadily in this era, but despite strife and social dislocation, the arts and literature flourished in Japan. || Japanese culture has evolved greatly over the years, from the country's original Jōmon arts to its contemporary culture, which combines influences from Asia, Europe and North America. || ====The highest estimates suggest that 84–96 percent of the Japanese population are Buddhists or Shintosis, including a large number of believers in a syncretism of both religions.==== ||

Key Terms that you need to know · Italian Renaissance · Humanism · Northern Renaissance · European Style Family · Protestantism · Jesuits · Edict of Nantes · Thirty Years War · Treaty of Westphalia · Proletariat · Scientific Revolution · Absolutism · Enlightenment · Boyars · Cossacks · Time of Troubles (Russia) · Romanov Dynasty · Peter the Great · Catherine the Great · Obrok · Pugachev Rebellion · Serfdom · Encomiendas · Hispaniola · Mita · Columbian Exchange · Treaty of Tordesillas · Recopilacion · Council of the Indies · Sociedad de castas · Peninsulares · Creoles · Factories · El Mina · Royal African Company · Indies Piece · Triangular Trade · Asante · Benin · Dahomey · Great Trek · Mfecene · Middle Passage · Diaspora · Ottomans · Janissaries · Vizier · Safavid · Mughals · Sati · Asian sea trading network · Zhenghe · Tokugawa Japan · School of National Learning (Japan) · Mercantilism

= = =__**The world Map Changes**__=


 * Over theses centuries, a number of new empires came into being, replacingsmaller political units characteristic of the preceding postclassical period
 * The second big change involved trade routes
 * By 1750, oceangoing routes across Pacific/Atlantic became important
 * Trade routes maintained holdovers from past.

=__**Triggers for Change**__=

Several developments distinguished the early modern period from postclassical period
 * Christian leaders turned to new activities to compare for the loss of influence and territory.
 * By 1450 the development of steady progression of explorations by Europeans along Atlantic Coast of Africa
 * find ways to trade w/ Asia, which circumvent centers of Islamic Power
 * Growing use of guns and gunpowder: Chinese invention adapted by Europeans
 * Larger, sturdier ships, armed w/ cannon featuring shipping capacity
 * sailed trade routes across Atlantic/Pacific Oceans

=__**The Big Changes**__=

A New Global Economy Major step bringing various regions of the world closer together = = =__**Biological Exchange**__=
 * Every major society acted differently, depending on position and existing tradition.
 * The forging of a new global economy
 * new biological exchanges of food, animals, and people
 * Emergence of new, large empires based on guns and gunnery
 * Exposing them more widely to international influences


 * Foods from the Americas began to be grown in Asia and Europe
 * Population loss encouraged new migrations, particularly from Europe and Africa, into the Americas.
 * New animals greatly altered life in the Americas
 * New foods helped generate population increase worldwide
 * trumping the devastation wrought by new diseases.

=__**New Empires**__=

Building and maintaining new political structures required huge energies and huge expenses,
 * New empires in India, the Middle East, southeaastern Europe, and Russia challenged political traditions in their imperial territories.
 * World position of Western Europe increased most obviously.
 * New economic military agents and competitors challenged many established societies in Asia and Africa.

=__**Continuity**__=

Many societiess reacted to big changes ofv early modern period by preserving key features of their past.
 * Spread of world religions continued
 * cultural stability described much of the world
 * global contacts did not overturn regional cultural patterns
 * New African slave trade affected gender balances on both sides of the Atlantic
 * Many societies participated only gradually in the use of guns and gunnery.
 * Several socieites emphasized continuity in this realm as well.

=__**Impact on Daily Life: Work**__=
 * Flsuh with new wealth
 * Chinese gov.t began to require that taxes be paid in silver, making ordinary Chinese to find new ways of making money
 * Millions of Africans seized from their homes
 * subjected to terrifying deadly passage of Americas.
 * Most general social change was growing pressure to work harder.
 * New forms of race-based slavery in Americas placed greater emphasis on production.
 * By 18th century, London orphans might be sent to work in new English of North America as servants
 * Renewed emphasis on political sturctures may strike a modern chord as well

Trends And Societies In the Early Modern Period


 * New trading opportunities and colonial expansion were closely related to signiffiant changes with Western Europe.
 * Russia selecting aspects of Western society as a model for change
 * developed one of the most novel gunpowder empires
 * Early Modern Era was a formative period for new society in Latin America among native populations.
 * Internal dynamics had more to do with developments that occured between 1450 and 1750.
 * highlights the diversity of patterns emerging in different parts of the world, depending on cutural orientation and shifts in positions of world power.