Civilizations+in+Crisis;+Ottomans,+Egypt,+and+China


 * Civilizations in Crisis: Ottomas, Egypt, and China**

Ottoman Empire and Egypt
As industrialzed European nations were expanding their imperial possessions the Ottoman Empire and Egypt were in decline.

As you read pages 593-604 take notes in the chart below. Be sure to focus on causes of decline, European inervention and reform programs


 * Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey || Western Intrusions and Crisis: Egypt ||

Read Western Dominance and the Decline of Civilations(IN DEPTH P.596-597)

The Qing Empire
As you read 604 to 611 take outline notes on the Rise and Fall of the Qing Empire. Be sure to include Main Ideas for each subtopic and to highlight key terms.

The Last Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the Qing Empire in China

-In the late 18th century, a long period of strong rule by the Manchus and a high degree of social stability, for the Chinese people gave way to rampant official corruption, severe economic dislocations, and social unrest. -A local leader named Nurhaci was the architect of unity among the quarrelsome Manchu Tribes. -banner armies:named after the flags that identified each. -The Manchu bureaucracy was organized along Chinese lines -The weakness of the declining Ming regime, they gave the Manchus an oppotunity to seize control in China. -They quickly proved that they were up to the challenge of ruling the largest empire in the world. The Manchu rulers shrewdly retained much of the political system of their Ming predeccessors. -Manchus who made up 2 percent of the Qing Empire, occupied a disproportionate number of the highest political positions. -The Manchus retainede the examination system and had their own sons educated in the Chinese classics. -Kangxi: a signifficant Confucian scholar in his own right, employed thousands of scholars to compile great encyclopedias of Chinese learning.

Economy and Society in the Early Centuries of Qing Rule

-The Manchu determination to preserve much of the Chinese political system was paralleled by an equally conservative approach to Chinese society as a whole. -The lives of women at all social levels remained centered or wholly confined to the household. -daughters were usually less desirable than sons. -The world pretty much belonged to men, although women from lower class families continued to work in the fields and sell produce in the local markets. -Some of the strongest measures the Manchus took after conquering China were aimed at alleviating the rural distress and unrest that had become so pronounced in the last years of the Ming rule. -The regime had very little success in its efforts to control the land lord classes. -The sector of Chinese society over which the Qing exercised the least control was also the most dynamic. -Compradors: specialized in the import export trade on China's south coast.

Rot from within: Bureaucratic Breakdown and social Disintegration:

-By the late 18th century, it was clear that so many Chinese dynasties if the past, the Qing was in decline. -Cheating had become so blatant by the 18th century that in 1711 students who had failed the exams at Yangzhou held a public demonstration to protest bribes given to the exam officials by wealthy salt merchants. -Less and less concern was expressed for the effects of bureaucratic decisions on the peasantry and urban laborers. -Nowhere was the disaster more apparent than in the region of the Shandong pninsula. -BY the 1850s, the neglected dikes had broken down over much of the area, and the river had flooded hundreads of square miles of heavliy cultivated farmland. -Further signs of dynastic decline had appeared. -The assumption then widely held by Chinese thinkers -China desperately needed innovations in technology and organizations that would increase its productivity to support its exploding population at its increasing level.

Barbarians at the Southern Gates: The Opium War and After

-Another major difference between the forces sapping the strength of the Manchus and those that had brought in this down earlier dynasties was the nature of the "barbarians" who threatened the empire from outside. -The issue that was responsiblte for the initial hostilities between China and the British did little credit to the latter. -British merchants hit on a possible solution in the form of Opium, whih was grown in the hills of eastern India. -Opium War:nearly 40,000 chests were imported by the Chinese. -Qing emperors had issued edicts forbidding the opium traffic, but little had been done to enforce them. -Lin Zexu:had orders to use every means availible to stamp out the trade. -Not suprisingly, these actions enraged the European marchants, and they demanded military action to avenge their losses. -Their victories in the Opium war and a second conflict whcih erupted in the late 1850s, allowed the European powers to force China to open trade and diplomatic changes. -By the mid 19th century, China's foeign trade and customs were overseen by british officials.

A Civilization at Risk: Rebellion and Failed reforms

-Although it was not immediately apparent, China's defeat in the Opium War greatly contributed to a building crisis that threatened not just the Qing dynasty, but CHinese civilization as a whole. -Taiping Rebellion led by the mentally unstable, semi Chistianized prohpet Hong Xiuquan. -By the spring of 1853, they had captured a wide swath of territory in south central China and establishede a capital at Nanjing, just west of Shanghai. -Hong began to pilot and quarrel among themselves. -The ban on opium smoking and Hongs bizarre variations on Christian teachings behinad the gravely imperiled Qing dynasty. -Self strengthening movement: aimed at countering the challenge from the West. -The Manchu rulers resisted the far reaching reforms that were the only hops of saving the regime and, as it turned out, Chinese civilization. -Cixi, became the power behind the throne. -Boxing rebellion: broke out in 1898 and was put down only throught the intervention of the imperialist powers in 1901.

The Fall of the Qing: The End of a Civilization?

-By the beginnig of the 20th century, the days of the Manchus were numbered. -By the end of the 19th century, the sons of the scholar gentry and especially of the merchants in the port cities were becoming more and more involved in secret society operations. -Sun Yat-sen: emerged as one of their most articulate advocates, seizing power was also seen as a way to enact desperately needed social programs to relieve the misery of the peasants and the urban workers. -The Manchus were condemed for failing to control the foreigners. -When key provincial officials refused to put down the spreading rebellion, the Manchus had no choice but to abdicate. -The revolutuon of 1911 toppled the Qing dynasty, but in many ways a more important turning point for Chinese civilization was reached in 1905.

CCOT Essay
Analyze the changes and continuities in Chinese relations with foreign nations from 1450-1914 Period 4 AP World History Mr. Green

CCOT essay: Changes and Continuities in China

Between 1450 to 1914 from the 18th century till the 20th century, China had changes and continuities with different nations such as the Qing Empire and the Manchu’s. This included the 18th century in the year 1450 till 1722, when the Qing Empire rose in China, the Qing decline in China due to bureaucratic breakdown and social disintegration during the late 18th century in the year 1711 till 1850, and the fall of Qing during the late 19th century and the 20th century in the year 1911 till 1914. Between 1450 till 1722 until the early 18th century, the changes of relations that China had with the nations Qing Empire and the Manchu’s are that the Qing Empire rose into power by conquering different parts of China, while the Manchu’s tried to keep the Qing from conquering by keeping Chinas political policy in place. This was proven when the Manchu stated that they were determined to “preserve as much of the Chinese political system as they could, and was paralleled by an equally conservative approach to Chinese society as a whole”(605) The Manchu could not stand the relations between the Qing Empire and China, as the Qing Empire was rising to power in China. The Manchu’s took after conquering China were aimed at alleviating the rural distress and unrest that had become so pronounced in the last years of the Qing rule. During the late 18th century between 1711 till 1850, the changes of relations that China Had with the nations Qing Empire and the Manchu’s are that the Qing Empire was at a point that they were starting to decline in power due to  bureaucratic breakdown and social disintegration. This is proven when “By the late 18th century, it was clear that so many Chinese dynasties of the past, the Qing was in decline….The bureaucratic foundations of the Chinese Empire were rotting from within.”(605) Because of the Qing Empire declining in power, the Manchu's were successful in keeping the old Chinese politic policy in place, and Qing was coming to a point where there were many disagreements in government and relations with China.  During the late 19th century towards the 20th century, which were between the years 1911 ansd 1914, the continuities that China had as a country was the major fall of the Qing Empire, which turned out to be the end of the hugest civilization in China stopped by Western powers causing Manchu's to abdicate. Although at the same time, as the Qing Empire seast to exist, there was one last emperor of China, a small boy by the name of Puyi, who created a permanent republican government p in China. This was proven when the Western powers in 1911, "toppled the Qing dynasty, but in many ways a more important turning point for Chinese civilization was reached in 1905."(610) These would be the permanent changes that exist in China today in terms of relations. Overall, the Qing Empire has had a powerful affect in the changees and continuities in China and the Manchu's. Most likely if the Qing Empire failed to be China's main civilization, alot of the government control, Emperors, and leadership would have been different.