20+Century+Africa

p666 to 669 Beginnings of the liberation struggle in Africa notes:
-Most of Africa had come under European colonial rule nonly in the decades before the outbreak of World War I. -Most Westernized Africans were loyal to their Briti. -British and french overlords during the first World War. -British and French were able to draw on their African possessions and raw materials throughout the war. -Lord Lugard: influential colonial administrator pointed out the desperate plight of the British and French also forced them to teach tens of theosands of Africans. -Europeans kept few promises of better jobs and public honors. -Major stikes and riots broke out after the war -Disenchanted members of African elite began to organize in 1920s and 30s. -Marcus Garvey and W.E.B DuBois had a major impact on emerging African nationalist leaders. -In 1920effort was place to arouse all africa loyalties/build pan African organizations. -By mid 1920s, nationalists from French and British colonies were going seperate ways. -The negritude literacy movement nurtured by these exiles did much to combat the racial stereotyping. -Leopold Senghor important writer. -Western educated Africans in British territiories were given greater opportunities to build political associations. -In 1930s a new generation of leaders made much more vigorous attacks on policies of the British.

p723 to 727 Liberation of Nonsettler Africa, The Struggle for the Settler Colonies, and White South Africa notes:
-World War II proved more disruptive to the colonial order imposed on Africa than the firsrt global conflict of the European powers. -Many were soon the supporters of postwar national campaigns for the British and French. -Vegetable Oil contributed to a growing migration on thhe part of African peasants and urban growth. -British gold coast company launched the proccess of decolonization in Africa. -The restrictions of govt. controlled marketing boards and their favoritism for British merchants led to protest in the coastal cities. -Convention Peoples Party established by Nkrumah -In 1950s Nkrumanhs mass following won concessions from the British. -The peaceful devolution of power to Africna natioalists led to the independance of British colonies in mid 1960s. -Belgians competed a retreat from their huge colonial possession in congo. -in 1960 there were only 16 African college graduates which exceeded 13 million. -europeans wanted to settle permanently in Rhodesia in the 19th and early 20th centuries. -Jomo Kenyattaand the leading nationalists party the Kenya African Union, an underground organization coalesced around a gropu of more radical leaders. -Land freedom Army in the 1950s, formed a campaign of terror and guerrilla warfare -The rebel movement had been military defeated by 1956 at the cost of thousand of lives. -the struggle of the Arab and Berber peoples of Algeria for independance was longer and even more vicious than that in Kenya. -National Liberation Front mobilized large segments of the Arab and Berber population. -Secret Army Organization directed against Arabs and Berbers as well as French. -In southern Africa, violent revolutions put an end to white settler dominance in the Portugese colonies of Angola and Mozimbique in 1975. -The Afrikaners had no Europeanb homeland to fall back on. -1940s organizations that emerged culiminated in the Afrikaner Nationalist Party. -Apathield was established after 1948 through the passage of thousands of laws.

p804 to 806 The Apartheid State and its Demise notes.
-South Africa was by no means the only area still under some form of colonial dominance decades after india gained its independance in 1947. -By the 1970s South africa was the largest richest and most strategic area were most of the population yet to be iberated colonialy. -Aparthield was designed to impose a system of extrems segmentation of all race in South Africa. -Black organizations such as the African National Congress were declared illegal, and African leadrss such as Walter Sislu and Nelson Mandela werte shipped off to maximum security prisons. -The regime tried to capitalize on personal and ethnic divisions within the black majority community. -The hardening hostiliy between the unyielding white minority under the frustrated black majority was building to a very violent upheaval. -F.W de Klerk, moderate Afrikaner leaders pushed for reforms that began to dismantle the system of aparthield. -The well run and remarkably participationary 1994 elections brought to power the African National Congress Party, led by Nelson Mandela, who became the first black president of Africa. Hard line white supremacist organizations among the Afrikaners continue to defy the new regime.



-The secret army french settlers who did not want independance || -Algerian nationalism started to arise in the decades between world war I and II || Charles de Gaulle french president during the Algerian revolution pushed to mreform to aid the country. -Abdelhamid Ben Badis: Figure of the islamic movement in Algeria || Algeria was a one party socialistystate but then changed to multi party system || -Economy was based on exporting slaves || -1948 there was a movement to free slaves || Holden Alvaro Roberto:started the first attack on the portugese -main people who settled agreement in Angola
 * Nation || Date || Colonial Power || Nature of Movement || Key Leader(s) || Success? ||
 * Algeria || The struggle for independance began in 1954 1962 || Algeria was a french colony which served to bolster the french politicians to retain the colony
 * Angola || Gained its independance in 1961 till 1975 || -Southweest coast of Africa

Sibimbi: Against nationalization || Nation plagued by war Leaders dont really last very long life expectancy was among the worst in the world || undeveloped social unrests corruption of elction of presidents || Africans worked the mines and plantations || __Leopold__ __-Turned the Congo into the labor camp__ __-Used ciolence through soldiers__ || ___ || -inspired by Indian independance movements || 1st Nationalist party unitred Gold Coast Convention formed highest GDP per capital in Africa -Freedom of the press -Cultural syncretism West & traditional Ghana || -Sergent Adjetery -Private Odarty -Lemptey -Corporal Attipore. -Acco Anjae || Nkrumah was elected prime minister Officialy became republic on july 1, 1960 || changes to political system and economy led to self determination and indpendance october 2nd 1958 || Guinea detached themselves from sengal and becomes french Guinea a subbdivision of french west africa || 1958 guinea becomes independant, and Ahmed was elected as president || Ahmed sekou Toure: wanted freedom in Guinea, led a strong policy for Guinea || Mayors in samall cities were established || most senators were just puppets for other people socially people were fighting because of tbhe want of a new president || 1895 British took over aAfrica after the Berlin Confgerewnce which was known as the asamble for Africa || Jomo kenyatta president from 1964 till 1978, wanted a non violent approach for the kenyan African Union Land Freedom Army || Agricultural production unit was the patriarchs extend family -The limitation of action act oin 1968 sought to modernize traditional land and ownership and use || South Africa: Date: May 31st 1910 Declared a Republic on May 31, 1961 Colonial Power: Forced labor Confiscation of crops and goods Nature of Movement: Violent started many gurilla wars against the British Leaders: De Klerk pushed reforms Nelson Mandela: sent to jail for staring black organization Walter Sislu Success:
 * Belgian Congo || __Day of independance from belgians on June 30, 1960__ || Democrtatic republic
 * Ghana || -Became Independant on March 5th 1957 || -Saw weakness of British
 * Guinea || French governm=or remained head of of territorial govt.
 * Kenya || December 12 1963, kenya gained its independance || Alot of corruption in govt.
 * Madagascar ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * South Africa ||

Zimbabwe: Date: Ian smith issued his famous Unilateral Declaration of Independannce April 18th 1980 Colonial Power: Nature of movement: Wanted to be free of the whites ruling over them, be their own nation Leaders: Canaan Banana, First President Robert something, Current president of Zimbabwe Success: Corruption and fraqud throughout the leaders for power alot of droughts no water U.S does not believe in the Zimbabwee gov.t

Africa Summary: Most of Africa had come under European colonial rule nonly in the decades before the outbreak of World War I.British and french overlords during the first World War.British and French were able to draw on their African possessions and raw materials throughout the war.Lord Lugard: influential colonial administrator pointed out the desperate plight of the British and French also forced them to teach tens of theosands of Africans.Europeans kept few promises of better jobs and public honors.Major stikes and riots broke out after the war Disenchanted members of African elite began to organize in 1920s and 30s.Marcus Garvey and W.E.B DuBois had a major impact on emerging African nationalist leaders.In 1920effort was place to arouse all africa loyalties/build pan African organizations.By mid 1920s, nationalists from French and British colonies were going seperate ways.The negritude literacy movement nurtured by these exiles did much to combat the racial stereotyping. Leopold Senghor important writer.Western educated Africans in British territiories were given greater opportunities to build political associations.In 1930s a new generation of leaders made much more vigorous attacks on policies of the British.World War II proved more disruptive to the colonial order imposed on Africa than the firsrt global conflict of the European powers.Many were soon the supporters of postwar national campaigns for the British and French.Vegetable Oil contributed to a growing migration on thhe part of African peasants and urban growth.British gold coast company launched the proccess of decolonization in Africa.The restrictions of govt. controlled marketing boards and their favoritism for British merchants led to protest in the coastal cities.Convention Peoples Party established by NkrumahIn 1950s Nkrumanhs mass following won concessions from the British.The peaceful devolution of power to Africna natioalists led to the independance of British colonies in mid 1960s.Belgians competed a retreat from their huge colonial possession in congo. in 1960 there were only 16 African college graduates which exceeded 13 million.europeans wanted to settle permanently in Rhodesia in the 19th and early 20th centuries.Jomo Kenyattaand the leading nationalists party the Kenya African Union, an underground organization coalesced around a gropu of more radical leaders.Land freedom Army in the 1950s, formed a campaign of terror and guerrilla warfareThe rebel movement had been military defeated by 1956 at the cost of thousand of lives.The struggle of the Arab and Berber peoples of Algeria for independance was longer and even more vicious than that in Kenya.National Liberation Front mobilized large segments of the Arab and Berber population.Secret Army Organization directed against Arabs and Berbers as well as French.In southern Africa, violent revolutions put an end to white settler dominance in the Portugese colonies of Angola and Mozimbique in 1975.The Afrikaners had no Europeanb homeland to fall back on.1940s organizations that emerged culiminated in the Afrikaner Nationalist Party. Apathield was established after 1948 through the passage of thousands of laws.

What is the IMF? 1. Promoting global monetary and exchange stability.

2. Facilitating the expansion and balanced growth of international trade.

3. Assisting in the establishment of a multilateral system of payments for current transactions. MAIN IDEA: Backed up by the United States. Makes loans to developing countries -Helps gets other countries to make developments -Throwing money doesnt neccessarily solve problems in a proper way? -Alot of countries dont want to take loans if they have to spend it in a certain way