Nationalism,+Industrialization+and+Imperialism

1. Treaty of Westphalia Who?- Mazarin What?- Treaty of Westphalia When?- 1648 Where?- Europe Why?- Bringing an end to the Thirty Years War drownedEurope In Battles over religion, Helping becoming the constitution of the new system of States in Europe

2. Nationalism- A love for country because of same political beliefs, shared values, and shared history and culture

In the 8th century smaller kingdoms were born in Italy. After the downfall of Napoleon Bonaparte, Italy got its shape as a united nation. However, after the downfall of Napoleon I in 1815, Vienna divided Italy, and once again, the successors of old royal families were made rulers of these tiny kingdoms. Some of these rulers were autocratic. The credit for the unification of Italy goes to eminent persons like Mazzini, Cavour, Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel. Mazzini was born in General in 1805. His father was a prominent physician. Although he wanted to be a literary man, he became a prominent member of the Piedmont Carbonari.
 * Unification of Italy
 * Unification of Germany
 * German Confederation** under the presidency of Austria. Prussia and Austria were the two most powerful German states. Traditionally Austria was recognised as the most important. There was a strong popular movement for unification but neither Austria nor Prussia was prepared to allow it happen. Inter-state trade barriers removed with the setting up of the �**Zollverein**�. Austria excluded from this organisation. This economic agreement helped to increase the momentum towards unification. Railways brought the German states within hours of one another and economic development made Germany one of the leading industrial powers of the time.

the national movement for the return of the Jewish people to their homeland and the resumption of Jewish sovereignty in the Land of Israel, advocated, from its inception, tangible as well as spiritual aims.
 * Zionism

Throughout the colonial period Portugal had basically allowed Brazil to remain a colonial backwater. For the first 50 years of Portuguese control (1500-1550), Portugal barely gave any attention to Brazil, focusing instead on its spice- and slave-trade exploits in Africa and India, which were the major sources of income for the Portuguese empire. Jo�o VI liked it so much in Brazil, he didn't really want to go back to Portugal. Only in 1821, under threat of de-throning, did he return to Portugal, leaving his son, Dom Pedro I, to serve as regent in Brazil.
 * Brazilian Independence

The Western Hemisphere was no longer open for colonization The political system of the Americas was different from Europe The United States would regard any interference in Western hemispheric affairs as a threat to its security The United States would refrain from participation in European wars and would not disturb existing colonies in the Western Hemisphere
 * Monroe Doctrine

A number of High Ranking Government Officials and business persons have undertaken visits to Argentina and South Africa respectively since 1991. In this regard, the official visit by former President Nelson Mandela and Mrs Graca Machel in 1998, as well as the official visit to Argentina in 1997 by President Thabo Mbeki in his capacity as Deputy President, contributed to the consolidation of the good bilateral relations between our two countries.
 * Argentine Republic

Britain attempted to maintain twice the navy of its enemys; hence they began to build as well. In 1906 Britain developed the HMS Dreadaught, a new battleship, which was capable of the speed of 21 knots. The navy was not the only part growing. Weaponry advanced, submarines and airplanes appeared, and Europe's military count was at its peak. The arms race left a frustrated continent on the edge and trigger happy.
 * Balkan Nationalism

3. In the 8th century smaller kingdoms were born in Italy. After the downfall of Napoleon Bonaparte, Italy got its shape as a united nation. However, after the downfall of Napoleon I in 1815, Vienna divided Italy, and once again, the successors of old royal families were made rulers of these tiny kingdoms. Some of these rulers were autocratic.

4. The most signifficant out of all the data sets I believe is Germany because out of all the increasing number of births and metric tons, Germany's metric tons has multiplied the most with over 14, 836 of metric tons compared to Britian France and Russia which onl reached a little over 2000 metric tons. Overall the data sets tell the rapid growth of metric tons and birth.

5. Partition of Africa/ Berlin Conference- resulted in occupation and annexation of African territory by European powers during the New Imperialism period

6. -Gender roles/issues- specific behaviors and manorisms that are expected to be part of an individuals character based on their gender -Family Structures- -Social Structures- this refers to relationships or bonds between groups of individuaqlsw and how they interact with eachother. -Extension of voting rights (chartist movement)- This was a movement that involved social and political reform of the countries United Kingdom and Great Britain during the mid nineteenth century. -Mass leisure culture- An aspect that was later involved in the Industrial Revolution -Romanticism- A movement during the second half of the eighteenth century in Western Europe, which overtime gained strength in reaction to the Industrial Revolution. -Socialism- This was the belief that the ownership of industry should be advocated -Communism- This is a theory where social classes no longer exist and property is commonly controlled

7. the map shows the percent of each country controlled in red by Britain. The country that is controlled completely by Colonial control is Australia with it completely being covered in red representing Colonial expansion.
 * South Gerogia island is the only place without British presence
 * Britain had the best Navy in the world.
 * Differrent types of colonies

8. Imperialism is a policy of being able to extend your rule over other foreign countries

9. Imperialism was motivated by the need for more resources, which pushed people out of their own country looking for new places to concour and use. Also at the time, colonialism or imperialism was very common.

10. Before note-taking, look for the following key terms (not in the glossary!) and define them in your own words.


 * The British East India Company-A 17 thcentury joint-stock company founded to trade with India to Britain's advantage
 * Sepoys- This is what an Indian soldier was called under Euopean control
 * British Raj- Name given to the period of British colonial rule in South Asia between 1858 and 1947
 * Partition of Africa/ Berlin Conference- resulted in occupation and annexation of African territory by European powers during the New Imperialism period
 * Settlement Colonies- A territory ruled by another country with the sole purpose of settlement, such as New Zealand, Austrailia, and Canada
 * White Dominions- Colonies in which European settlers made up the overwhelming majority of the population
 * Cecil Rhodes- He was born of english decent who grew up to become a businessman, magnate miner, and a politician in south Africa.
 * James Cook- He was an Enlgish navigator and naval captain who discovered pacific islands such as Austrialia, New Zealand, and Hawaii

11.

They also fooled all the leaders of the East Indian Company to go against one another in an effort of sabbotage. || Military alliances were formed and all forces for Britain eventually prospered. the British took over the East Indian Company, but took over India as a whole. || Land taxes caused difficulties over Indian farmers. An independance movement grew by India. India and Pakistan went to war in 1949 || Britain completyely annexized the Island surrounding New Zealand. -Britian took control of Ireland, gained more power, and successfully spread influence over New Zealand and Ireland as a whole. -They also expanded their Empire. - Antrim, Down, Armagh , Fermanagh, Tyrone and Londonderry wanted to remain in Britian as a democracy. -Theorefore, Britian had no choice but to allow them to remain in Britain as such.
 * Country || How Britain gained control - steps to conquest || Actions taken by Britain when in control/ power || Effects/ Reactions ||
 * India (note this will be more notes than the following two nations.) || Britian was able to gain control of India when they successfully disarmed them in the Seven Years War.
 * South Africa || When Napolean lost control, britain took advantage of the situation by taking control of South Africa in an effort to stop it from falling from France. || they Gave control back to the East India Company, but had to fight for control in Africa and Native Americas || Britain was declared bankrupt, so they had to give up control of Cape Colonies. ||
 * New Zealand ||

ESPIRIT Chart Ottomans/ Mughals
Ottomans: E: -Barbur and his followers were from Turkic-speaking nomadic groups in central asia. -warrior leaders wh founded theses dynasties took advantage of the power vacumm left by the breakup of the Monghal empire and the devastation wrought by Timur's assults on Middle east & Muslim ruled northern India. -Military leaders played a dominant role in the Ottoman state, and the economy of the empire was geared to warfare and expansion. -The Safavid family was originally of stock, and early shahs such as Islmail wrote in Turkish, unlike their Ottoman rivals, who preffered to write in Persian.

__MAIN IDEA__: Turkic-speaking nomadic groups in central asia.warrior leaders wh founded theses dynasties took advantage of the power. Monghal empire and the devastation wrought by Timur's assults.Military leaders played a dominant role in the Ottoman state. The Safavid family was originally of stock, and early shahs such as Islmail.

S: -Ottomans: came from Osman, came to dominate the rest, and within decades they had begun to build a new empire based in Anatolia. -Mehmed II "the Conqueror" assulted the triple ring of land walls that had protected the city for centuries. -The Ottoman sultans grew more and more distant from their subjects as their empire in size and wealth -A seizable portion of the population of Constantinople and other Ottoman cities belonged to the merchant and artisan classes Chakdrian: the armies of the two empires met in one of the most fateful battles in Islamic history. -clash between the champions of the Shia and sunni variants of Islam. -Abbas the Great: made the greatest use of the youths who were captured in Russia and then educated and converted to Islam. -Women in Islamic societies under Ottoman or Safavid rule faced legal and social disadvantages comparable to those we have encountered in most civilized areas so far. -Nadir Khan Afshar: eventually emergd victorious from these bloody struggles.

__MAIN IDEA__: Ottomans: came from Osman, came to dominate the rest.Mehmed II "the Conqueror" assulted the triple ring of land walls. A seizable portion of the population of Constantinople and other Ottoman cities.Abbas the Great: made the greatest use of the youths who were captured in Russia. Women in Islamic societies under Ottoman or Safavid rule faced legal and social disadvantages

P: -In the two centuries after the conquest of Constantinople, the armies of succession of able Ottoman rulers extended the empire into syria and egypt and across north africa -Ottoman armies also drove the Venetians and Genoese from much of mediterranean and threatened southern Italy w/ invasion on several occasions. -Civil strife increased, and the discipline and leadership of the armies on which the empire depended for survival -Ismail: led his turkish followers to a string of victories on the battlefield. -Tahmasp I: repeated efforts were made to bring the Turkic chiefs under control. -The bulk of the Iranian population was converted to Shi'ism during the centuries of Safavid rule.

__MAIN IDEA__:the armies of succession of able Ottoman rulers extended.Civil strife increased, and the discipline and leadership of the armies.Ismail: led his turkish followers to a string of victories. The bulk of the Iranian population was converted to Shi'ism

I: -Day-to-Day administration was carried out by a large bureaucracy headed by a grand vizier. -Vizier: head of imperial administration, often held more real power than the sultan. -The Ottoman state had been built on war and steady territorial expansion -From the 17th century onward, the forces that undermined the empire from below were compounded by growing problems at the center of imperial administration

__MAIN IDEA__:Day-to-Day administration was carried out by a large bureaucracy.Vizier: head of imperial administration.forces that undermined the empire from below were compounded by growing problems

R: -Janissaries: had been conscripted as adolescent boys in conquered areas, such as the balkans, where the majority of the population retained its christian faith. -The early Ottomans had written in Persian, and Arabic remained an important language for works on law and religion throughout the empires history. -Sailal-Din: began a militant campaign to purify and reform Islam and spread Muslim teachings among the Turkish tribes of the region.

MAIN IDEA: Janissaries: had been conscripted as adolescent boys in conquered areas. The early Ottomans had written in Persian, and Arabic remained an important language.Sailal-Din: began a militant campaign to purify and reform Islam and spread Muslim.

I: -Each sultan who ruled in the centuries after Mehmed strove to be remembered for his efforts to beautify the capital. -In addition sublime contributions of the Ottomans to islamic and human civilization. -Much of the literature on the Ottoman empire concentrates on its slow decline from the champion of the Muslim world and the great adversary of Christendom to the sick man of Europe in the 18th and the 19th centuries -The early rulers of both the Ottoman and the Safavid empires encouraged the growth of handicraft production and trade in their realms.

MAIN IDEA: Each sultan who ruled in the centuries after Mehmed strove to be remembered for.Much of the literature on the Ottoman empire concentrates on its slow decline.The early rulers of both the Ottoman and the Safavid empires encouraged the growth

T: -Through the Ottomans patterned much of thier empire on the ideas and institutions of earlier Muslim civilizations -in warfare, architecture, and engineering they carried Islamic civilization to new levels of attainment -Because the Janissaries controlled the artillery and firearms that became increasingly vital to Ottoman successes in warfare w/ Christian and Muslim adversaries -Became most powerful component in the Ottoman military machine. -the Ottomans made very effective use of artillery and firearms in building their empire. -The great mosques that Abbas I had built at Isfahan were the glory of his reign.

MAIN IDEA: Through the Ottomans patterned much of thier empire.Janissaries controlled the artillery and firearms.Became most powerful component in the Ottoman military machine.Ottomans made very effective use of artillery and firearms.

Mughals:

E: -Akbar had a vision of empire and sense of mission that hinged on uniting India under his rule -Although neither of his successors,Jahangir or Shah Jaharan added much territory to the empire Akbar had left them, in their reigns Mughal India reached the peak of its splendor. -The long wars much occupied much of Aurangzeb time and enregies, diverting him from the administrative tasks and reforms essential to the dynasty's continued strength

S: -Babur: traced his descent on one side from the Monghol khans, the Mughal in the dynasty's name was not derived from the earlier nomadic conquerors. -Humayan's son and successor Akbar, wasonly 13 years old, and the Mughals enemies moved quickly to take advantage of what they saw as a very favorable turn of events. -Muslim and Hindu warrior aristocrats who formed the core of the supporters of the Mughal dynasty were granted peasants for support. -More than any of Akbars many reform efforts, those involving the position of women demonstrated how far the Mughal ruler was in advance of his time -encouraged widow remarriage, at the point taboo for both Hindus and Muslims, and discouraged child marriages.

P: -Under the rule of the Mughal dynasty, Islam reached the peak of its influence as a political and cultural force in south Asian history. -Two rulers who were so absorbed in the arts and the pursuit of pleasure left most of the mundance tasks of day to day administration largely in the hands of subordinates. -Nur Jahan, continually amassed power as he became more and more addicted to wine and Opium -The first ambition increased the number of the empire's adversaries strained the allegiance of its vassals and allies, and greatly overexended its huge but obsolete military forces.

I: -Though illiterate there had been little time for book learning when his father fought for survival in the wilderness. -Akbar had an insatianable and an incredible memory.sive use was also made of marble reflecting pools, the most famous of which mirrors the beauty of the Taj Mahal -Extended curiousity. -Though not the cruel bigot he is often portrayed as, Aurangzeb was not the man to restore the dynasty's declining fortunes.

R: -Despite the success of these policies in reconcilling the Hindu majority to Muslim rule, Akbar viewed tolerance as merely the first. -At its best, Mughal architecture blends what is finest in the persian and Hindu traditions. -Although the position of women at the Mughal court improved in the middle years of the dynasty's power, that of women in the rest of Indian society declined. Sikhs in the northwest, further strained the declining resources of an imperial system that was clearly overextended.

I: -akbar had others read aloud to him, making him educated in many fields. -Jahangir and Shar Jahan are best remembered as two of the greatest patrons of the fine arts in human history. -Mumtaz Mahal, also became actively involved in court politics. -Religious policies weakened internal alliances and disrupted the social peace Akbar had so skillfully established. Marattas in western India, put an end to effective Mughal control over large areas.

T: -Roman times persisted millennia later. -Aurangzeb suggests how fine the cltoh in question was. -Both Jahangir and Shar Jahan continued Akbars policy of tolerance toward the Hindu majority and retained most of the alliances he had forged with Hindu princes and local leaders. -Taj Mahal structures such as the audience hall in the Red Fort at Delhi

**Chapter 20: African and slave trade Ouline**

 * Atlantic slave trade:**

-Factories: forts and trading posts with resident merchants. -The most important of these was El Mina(1482) in the heart of the gold producing region of the forest zone. -Africans aquired goods from the portugese, who sometimes provided African rulers with slaves brought from other stretches of the coast. -Portugese recieved ivory, pepper, animal skins, and gold -Trade was the basis of portugese relations with Africans, but in the wake of commerce followed political, religious, and social relations. -Missionary efforts were made to convert the rulers of Benin, Kongo, and other African kingdoms -Portugese contacted the Kongo kingdom south of the Zaire river in 1484. -Nzinga Mvemba: with the help of the portugese advisors and missionaries, brought the whole kingdom to christianity -Portugese explorartion continued southward toward the cape of good hope and beyond in the 16th century. -Permantent portugese settlement was established there in the 1570s with the foundation of Luanda on the coast. -The patterns of contact established by the Portugese were followed by others. -In the 17th century, the Dutch, English, French, and others competed with the portugese and displaced them to some extent. -Portugese voyages now opened a direct cahnnel to Sub Sahara Africa. -The first slaves brought directly to Portugal from africa arrived in 1441, and after that date slaves became a common trade item -Portugese sent about 50 slaves per year to portugal before 1450, when raiding was prelavent, but by 1460 some 500 slaves per year arrived in portugal as a trade with African rulers developed.


 * Trend Toward Expansion:**

-Altough debate and controversy surround man aspects of the history of slavery, it is perhaps best to start with the numbers. -Between 1450 annd 1850, is is estimated that about 12 million Africans were shipped acrossthe Atlantic. -with a mortality rate of 10 to 20 percent on the ships, about 10 or 11 million Aficans actually arrived in the Americas. -The 18th century was the great age of the Atlantic slave trade; probably more than 7 million slaves, or more than 80 percent of all those embarked, were exported between 1700 and 1800. -By 1860, almost 6 million slaves worked in the Americas, about 4 million of them in the southern United States, an area that depended more on natural population, however, slaves in British North America were never more than one fourth of the whole population. -Between 1550 and 1850, Brazil alone recieved 3.5 to 5 million Africans, or about 42 percent of all those who reached the New World -The older trans-Sahara, Red Sea, and East African slave trade in the hands of muslim traders continued throughout the period and added another 3 million people to the total of Africans exported as slaves in this period. -Benin alone was exporting more than 10,000 slaves per year.

- Th atlantic slave trade seems to have a demographic impact on at least certain parts of the west and central africa.
 * Demographic Patterns:**
 * -**The ajority of the trans saharan trade consisted of women to be used as concubines and domestic servants in north and middles east, but the altantic slave trade concentraded on men


 * Organization of the Trade:**

The patterns of contact and trade establishe by th portugese at first were followed by rival Europeans on the African coast. -The Royal African company was charted fr that purpose. The French made similar arrangements in the 1660s, but not until the 18th century did france become a major carrier. -European agents for the companies often had to deal directly with local rulers, paying a tax or offering gifts. -The spanish developed a complicated system in which a healthy man was called an Indies Piece -Clearly both Europeans and Africans were actively involved in the slave trade. -Historians have long debated the profitability of the slave trade -its difficul to calculate the full economic importance of slvery to the economics of Europe because it was so directly linked to the plantation and the mining colonies of the Americas During some periods, a triangular trade existed in whcih slaves were carried to the Americas;sugar;tobacco, and other goods were then carried to Europe, and European products were then sent to the coast of Africa to begin the triangle again. -It is clear that by the late 18th century, the slave trade and slavery were essential aspects of the economy of the Atlantic Basin


 * African Societies, Slavery, and The Slave trade:**

-The slave trade influencedAfrican forms of servitude and the social and political developement of nAfrican states. -African societies had developed many forms of servitude, which varied from a peasant status to something much more like chattel slavery -Depite great variation in African societies and the fact that slaves sometimes attained some posititons of command and trust, in most cases slaves were denied choice about their lives and actions -The existence of slavery in africa and the preexisting trade in people allowed Europeans to mobilize the commerce in slaves quickly by tapping existing routes and supplies.


 * Slaving and African Politics:**

-In the period between 1500 and 1750, as the gun powder empires and expanding international commerce of Europe penetraded sub Saharan Africa, Existing states and societies were often transformed. -One result of the presence of Europeans on the coast was a shift in the locus power within Africa. -Access to European goods, especially firearms, iron, horses, cloth, tobacco, and other goods. -Asante:rose to prominence in theperiod of the slave trade -Osei Tutu: the title asantehene wass created to designate the supreme civil and religious leader. -with cntrol of the gold producing zones and a constant supply of prisoners to be sold as slaves for more firearms, Asante maintained its power, until the 1820s -Dominate state of the Gold Coast. -The kingdom of Dahomey, which developed among the fon peoples, had a different response to the European presence. -As Dahomey expanded it eliiminated the royal families and customs of the areas it conquered and imposed its own traditions. -The creativiy of thes societies was also seen in traditional arts -Europeans came to appreciate African arts and skills


 * East Africa and the Sudan:**

-West Africa was the region most directly influenced by trans Atlantic slave trade -On Zanibar and other offshore islands, and later on the coast itself, Swahili, Indian, and Arabian merchants followed European model and set up clove producing plantations using African slave laborers. -Much less is known about the interior of eastern africa -Large and small kingdoms were supported by the well-watered and heavily populated region of the great lakes interior. -Across the continent in the northern savanna at the end of the 18th century, the proccess of Islamization which had been important in the days of the Maliand songhay empires -Beginning in the 1770s, Muslim reform movements began to sweep the western sudan -Fulani: a pastoral people who were spread across a broad area of the western sudan. -By the 1840s, the effects of Islamization and the Fulani expansion were felt across much of the interior of west Africa. -These upheavals, moved by religious, political, and economic motives, were affected by the external pressures on Africa.


 * White Settlers and Africans in Southern Africa**

-In southern Africa, a Dutch colony eventually brought Europeans into conflict with Africans, especially the southern Bantu-speaking peoples. -One area of Africa little affected by the slave trade in the early modern period was the southern end of the continent. -BY the 16th century, Bantu speaking peoples occupied much of the eastern regions of southern Africa.plitically, chiefdoms of various sizes characterized the southern bantu peoples -in 1652 the Dutch East India Company established a colony at the Cape of Good Hope toserve as a provisioning post for ships sailing to Asia -As the Boers pushing northward, the southern Bantu were extending their movement to the south. -Various government measures, the accelerating arrival of English speaking immigrants, and the lure of better lands caused groups of Boers to move to the north.


 * The Mfecane and the Zulu Rise to Power:**

-Among the Nguni peoples, major changes had taken place in 1818 leadership fell toShaka, a brillant military tachnician -Shakas own Zulu chiefdombecame the center of this new military and political organization, which bagan to absorb and destroy its neighbors. -The rise of the Zulu and other Nguni chiefdoms was the beginning of the mfecane, or wars of crushing and wandering -New African states, such as the Swazi, that adapted aspects of the Zulu model emerged among the survivors. -One state, Lesotho, successfully resisted the the Zulu example -The whole of the southern continent, from the Cape colony to lake MAlawi, had been thrown into turmoil by raiding parties, remnants, and refugees.


 * The African Diaspora:**

-Despite African resistance to enslavement, the slave trade and the horrifying Middle Passage carried millions of Africans fromtheir original homelands. -ZThe slave trade was the means by whcih the history of the Americans ans Africa became linked and a principal way in which African societies were drawn into the world economy. -Prices of slaves rose steadily in the 18th century


 * Slave Lives:**

-For the slaves themselves, slavery meant the destruction of their villages or their capture in war, separation from friends and family, and then the forced march to an interior trading town or to the slave pens at the coast. -The middle passage, or slave voyage to the Americas was traumatic.


 * Africans in the Americas:**

-The slaves carried across the atlantic were brought mainly to the plantations and mines of the Amaericas. -In any case, the plantation system of farming with a dependant or enslaved workforced characterized the production of many tropical and semitropical crops in demand in Europe -In short, there was almost no occupation that slaves did not perform, altough most were agricultural laborers


 * American Slave Societies:**

-Each American slave-based society reflected the variations of its European origin and its component African cultures, but there were certain similarities and common features -Each recognized distinctions between African born saltwater slaves, who were almost invariably black, and their American born desendants, the Creole slaves, some of whom were mulattos as a result of the sexual exploitation of slave women or other forms of miscegenation. -This Hierarchy was a creation of the slaveholders and did not neccessarily reflect perceptions among the slaves -Although economic factors imposed similarities, the slave-based societies also varied in their composition. -North American cities such as Charleston and New Orleans also developed a large slave and free African population.


 * The People and Gods in Exile:**

-Aficans brought as slaves to the Americas faced a peculiar series of problems. Working conditions were exhausting, and life for most slaves ofen was difficult and short -Religion was an obvious example of continuity and adaption. -Slaves converted to Catholicism by the Spaniards and the Portugese, and they showed frequent devotion as members f black catholic brotherhoods, some of which were organized by African origins. -In the English islands, obeah was the name given to the African religious practices, and the men and women knowledgable in them were held in high regard within the community, -In the practices of Brazilian candomble and Haitain vodun, fully developed versions of African religions flourished and continue today, despite attempts to suppress them. -The reality of the Middle Passage meant that religious ideas were easier to transfer than the institutional aspects of religion. -Resistence and rebellion were other aspects of Africa American history. -Palmares, an enormous runaway slave kingdom withmany villages and a population of perhaps 8000 to 10,000 people, resisted Portugese an Dutch attempts to destroy it for a century. -Perhaps the most remarkable story pf African American resistance is found in the forests of Suriname, a former Dutch plantation colony.


 * The End of the Slave Trade and the Abolition of Slavery:**

-The end of the Atlantic slave trade and the abolition of slavery in the Atlantic world resulted from economic, political, and religious changes in Europe and its overseas American colonies and former colonies. -Like much else about the history of slavery, there is disagreement about the end of the slave trade. -Opponents of slavery and the brutality of the trade had appeared in the mid 18th century, in relation to new intellectual movements in the west. -England, as the major maritime power of the period, was the key to the end of the slave trade. -Under the leadership of religious humanitarians, such as john Wesley and William WIlberforce, an abolitionist movement gained strength against the merchants and the west indies interests.

**Chapter 22 Outline:**
-The very fact of da Gama's arrival demonstrated not only the seaworthines of their caravel ships but also that the Europeans needs and curiosity could drive them halfway around the world.

The Asian Trading World and the Coming of the Europeans:

-In the centuries following da Gamas voyage, most European enterprise in the Indian Ocean centered on efforts to find the most profitable ways to carry Asian products back to Europe. -As later voyages by Portugese fleets revealed, Calicut and the ports of east Africa, whcih Vasco da Gama had found on the initial foray into Asia, made up only a small segment of a larger network of commercial exchange and cultural interactions. -In general, the Asian sea trading network can be broken down into three main zones, each of which was focused on major centers of handicraft manufacture. -Of the new raw materials circulating in the system, the broadest demand and highest prices were paid for spices, which came mainly from Ceylon and the islands at the eastern end of what is today the Indonesian archipelago. -Since ancient times, monsoon winds and the nature of the ships and navigational instruments availible to sailors had dictated the main trade routes in the Asian network. -The Arabs and Chinesem who had compassses and large, well-built ships, could cross large expanses of open watersuch as the Arabian and South China seas. -Two general characteristics of the trading system at the time of the Portugese arrival were critical to Europeans attempts to regulate and dominate it. -The same was true fot the Chineses, southeast Asian,and indian merchants and sailors who were concentraded in particular segments of the trading complex

Trading Empire: The Portugese Response to the Encounter at Calicut:

-The portugese were not prepared to abride by the informal rules that had evolved over the centuries for commercial and cultural exchanges in the great Asian trading complex. -It was particuarly objectionable because it would enrich and thus strenghten merchants and rulers from rival kingdoms and religions, particuarly the Muslims, whose position the Portugese had set out to undermine through their overseas enterprise -The decision by the portugese to use force to extract spices and other goods from Asia resulted largely from their realization that they could offset their lack of numbers and trading goods with their superior ships and weaponry. -The portugese soon found that sea patrols and raids on coastal towns were not sufficient to control the trade in the items they wanted, especially spices. -In that year they took Ormuz at the southern end of the Persian Gulf; in 1510 they captured Goa on the Western eastern coast. -The aim of the empire was to establish portugese monoopoly control over key Asian products, particuarly spices produced were to be shipped in Portugese galleons to Asian or European markets.

Portugese Vulnerability and the Rise of the Dutch and English Trading Empires: -The plans for empire that the Portugese drew upon paper never became reality -The overextende and declining Portugese trading empire proved no match for the dutch and english rivals, whose war fleets challenged it in the early 17th century. -They captured the critical Portugese port and fortress at Malaca and built a new port of their own in 1620 at Batavia on the islands of Java. -The Dutch trading empire was made up of the same basic components as the Portugese -fortified towns and factories, warships on patrol, and monopoly control of a limited number of products. -Although the profits from the sale of these spices in Europe in the mid 17th century helped sustain Hollands golden age, the Dutch found that the greatest profits in the long run could be gained frome peacefully working themselves into the long-established Asian trading system. -The demand for spices declined and their futile efforts to gain control over crops such as pepper that were grown in many places became more and more expensive

Going Ashore:Europen Tribute Systems in Asia:

-Their ships and guns allowed the Europeans to force their way into the Asian trading network in the 16th and 17 centuries. -Even small kingdoms such as those on Java and in mainland southeast Asia were able to resist the European inroads into their domains, -In certiain sometimes, however, the Europeans were drawninland away from their forts, factories, and war fleets in the early centuries of their expansion into Asia. -The spanish, taking advantage of the fact that the Phillipine Islands lay in the half of the world and the Pope had given them to explore and settle in 1493, invaded the islands in the 1560s. -The conquest of Luzon and the northern islands were faciliated by the fact that the animistic inhabitants lived in small states the Spanish could subjugate one by one. -Mindano, which was ruled by a single kingdom whose Muslim ruleers were determined to resist Christian dominance, dramatically underscores the limits of the Europeans ability to project their power on land in this area.

Spreading the Faith: The Missionary Enterprise in SOuth and Southeast Asia:

-Although the Protestant Dutch and English were little interested in winning converts to Christianity during the early centuries of overseas expansion, the spread of Roman Catholicism was a fundamental part of the global mission of the Portugese and Spanish. -The dream of a Christain Asia jointing the Ilberian crusade against the Muslims was also dealt a setback by the discovery that the Hindus had a sophisticated and deeply entrenched set of religious ideas and rituals. -From the 1540s onward, Francisan and Dominican missionaries, as well as the Jesuit Francis Xavier, who were willing to minister to the poor, low-caste fishers and untouchables along the southwest coast, converted tens of thousands. -To overcome these obstacles, an Iltalian Jesuit named Robert di Nobili devised a different cenversion strategy in the early 1600s -Despite some early successes, di Nobili's strategy was undone by the refusal of high caste Hindu converts to worship with low caste groups and to give up many of their traditional beliefs and religious rituals. -Beyond socially stigmatized groups such as the untouchables, the conversion of the general populace in Asia occured only in isolated areas. -The friars, as the priests and brothers who went out to convert and govern the rural populace were called, became the main channel for transmitting European influences. -Like the Native Americans of Spain's New World empire, most Filipinos were fromally converted to Cathicolism. -Almost all Filipinos clung to their traditional ways and in the process seriously cempromised Christian beliefs and practices.

Ming China: A Global Mission Refused:

-With the restoration of ethnic Chinese rule and the reunification of the century under the Ming dynasty, Chinese civilization enjoyed a new age of splendor. -Zhu Yuanzhang, a military commander of peasant origins who founded the Ming dynasty, had suffered a great under the Mongol yoke. -in the late 1340s, Zhu left the monastery to join a rebel band. -Zhu's armies conquered most of China. Zhu declared himself the Hongwu emperor in 1368. He reinged for 30 years.

Another Scholar-Gentry Revival:

-Because the Hongwu emperor, like the founder of the earlier Han dynasty, was from a peasant family and thus poorly educated, he viewed the scholar gentry with some suspicion. -In the Ming era, the examination system was routinized and made more complex than before. -Prefectual, or county, exams were held in two out of three years.

A return to Scholar Gentry Social Dominance:

-Perhaps because his lowly origins and personal suffering made him sensitive to the plight of the peasantry, Hongwu introduced measures that would improve the lot of the common people. -Although these measures led to some short term improvemetn in the peasants condition, they were all but offset by the growing power of rural landlord families, buttressed by alliances with relatives in the imperial bureaucracy. -More land meant ever larger and more comfotrable households for the gentry class. -the virtues of the gentry class were celebrated in stories and popular illustrations. -At most levels of Chinese soicety, the Ming period continued the subordination of youths to elders and women to men that had been steadily intensifying in eariler periods. -Not suprisingly, this rather unsutbtle solution to the problem of keeping order in the classroommerely drove student protest underground. -Women were also driven to underground activites to amerliorate their subordination and, if they dared, expand thier career oppotunities. -Even within the palace, the plight of most women was grim. -In society at large, women had to settle fot whatever status and respect they could win within the family. -Fome women from the nonelite classes. the main avenues for some degree of independance and self expression remained becoming courtesans or entertainers.

An Age of Growth: Agriculture, Population, Commerce, and the Arts:

-The first decades of the Ming period were an age of buoyant economic growth in China that both was fed by and resulted in unprecedented contacts with other civilizations overseas. -Because these plants were less susceptible to drought, they also became an important hedge against famine. -Agrarian expansion and population increase were paralled in early times by a renewal of commercial growth. -European arrived in increasing numbers at the only two place-Macao and somewhat later and more spotradicallym Canton where they were fficially allowed to do business in ming china -Not suprisingly, the merchant classes, particuarly those engaged in long distance trade, reaped the biggest profits from the economic boom. -Ming prosperity was relfected in the fine arts, which found generous patrons both at court and among the the scholar gentry class more generally. The painters of the Ming aera concentrated mainly on developing established techniques and genres, major innovation was occuring in literature.

An Age of Expansion: The Zhenghe Expeditions:

-The seemingly boundles energy of the Chinese in early decades of Ming rule drove them far beyon the traditional areas of expansion in central Asia and the regions south pf the Yangtze. -The last three expeditions reached as far as Persia, southern Arabia, and the east coast of Africa, distances coomparables to those covered by the Prtugese in their early voyages around africa. -Taken together, the expeditions led by Zhenghe leave little doubt that the Chinese had the capacity to expand a global sacale at least a century before the Europeansrounded the Cape of Good Hope and entered Asian waters.

Chinese Retreat and the Arrival of the Europeans:

-Just over a half century after the last of the Zhanghe expeditions, China had puropsely moved from the position of a great reaching out overseas to an increasingly isolated empire. -Some Chinese scholars showed interest in Christian teachings, and Western thinking more genrally. -Matteo Ricci and Adam Schall, spent most of time in the imperial city, correcting faulty calenders, forging cannons, fixing clocks imported from Europe, and astounding the Chinese scholar gentry with the accuracy of their instruments and their ability to predict eclipses.

Ming Dcline and the Chinese Prediciment:

-By the late 1500s, the Ming retreat from overseas involvement had become just one facet of a familiar pattern of dynastic decline. -Public works projects, including the critical dike works on the Huanghe fell into despair, and floods, drought, and famine soon ravaged the land. -True to the pattern of dynastic rise and fall, internal disorder resulted in and was intensified by foreign threats and renewed assaults by nomadic peoples from beyond the Great Wall. -Chongzhen did not realize how serious the rebel advance was until enemy soldiers were scaling the walls of the Forbidden City.

Fending off the West: Jeapans Reunification and the first cahllenge:

-In the mid 16th century, the Japanese found leaders who had the military and diplomatice skills and ruthlessness needed to restore unity, under a Shogunate, the Tokugawa. -Nobunaga, the first of these leaders, was from a minor warrior household. But his skills as a military leader soon vaulted him into prominence in the outgoing struggles for power among the daimyo lords. -In 1753 Nobunaga desposed the last of the Ashikaga shoguns, who had long ruled in name only. -Toyotomi Hideyoshi moved quickly to punish those who had betrayed Nobunaga and to renew the drive to break the power of the daimyos who had not yet submitted to him. -The ambitious overlord had much more grandiose schemes of conquest in mind. -Although Hideyoshi had tried to ensure that he would be succeeded by his son, the vassals he ha appointed to carry out his wishes tried to seize power for themselves after his death. Tokugawa Ieyasu had originally come from a minor daiymo house. -Underr Ieyasu's direction, the remaining daimyos were organized. -City of Edo held by daimyos who were closely allied with the shoguns.

Dealing with the European Challenge:

-All through the decades when the three unifiers were struggling to bring the feisty daimyos under control, they also had to contend with a new force in Japanese history: the Europeans. -European traders and the missionaries who followed them to the islands brought firearms, printing presses, and othe western devices such as clocks. -Soon after the merchants, Christian missionaries arrived in the islands and set to work converting the Japanese to Roman Catholicism. -The missionaries were presuaded that Nobunaga;s conversion would bring the whole of the Japanese people into the Christian fold. -In the late 1580s, quite suddenly, the missionaries saw their carefully mounted cenversion cmpign collapse. -That threat was compounded by signs that the Europeans might follow up their commercial and issionary overtures with military expeditions aimed at conquering the islands.

Japans Self-Imposed Isolation:

-Growing doubts about European intentions, and fears that both merchants and missionaries might subvert the existing social order, led to official measures to restrict foreign activities in Japan, beginning in the late 1580s. -European missionaries were driven out of the islands, those who remained underground were hunted down and killed or expelled. -Under leyasu and his successors, the persecution of the Christian grew into a broader campaign to isolateJapan from outside influences. -By the 1640s only a limited number of Dutch and Chinese ships were allowed to carry on commerce on the island ofDeshima in Nagasaki Bay. -By the nid 17th century, Japan's retreat into almost total isolation was complete. -In the 18th century, a revival of neo-Confucian philosophy, which ha d marked the period of the Tokugawas rise to power, increasingly gave way to the influence of thinkers who championed the school of National Learning.

In your opinion, which of the Great depression was the most signifficant? why? In my opinion, the most signifficant part of the Great Depression was the Living Conditions. Because of this, people were forced to live in Hoovervilles instead of regular homes, and there were not alot of other resources for living because of the lack of money, and not having the neccessary everyday things for a person and their families would cause sickness and disease.

hris Coleman 4/5/11 Pd.4 AP World History

Changes and Continuities in global commerce

Between the years 1450 to 1914 CE, Global commerce had upon many  numerous types of ways changes, for example, changes that were between strategies

of different tactics to be able to trade in a non violent manner, dismissing taxes and

the military force being used are all numerous types of ways different countries

during this period of time were trading between different countries.

One example of global commerce was the way Indian merchants had traded in  a non violent manner with fellow countries that were within the region, disagree to the

Dutch's strategy of trading by the use of extreme military measures due to the spices

demand being in affect. Both were times of different periods of how global commerce

has changed over a period of time due to the really valued goods that were at time,

its most wealthiest such as trading goods and the need of spices, happening to be

well known at the time in terms of goods because of supply and demand from

countries who could not manage to obtain these valued goods.

During the late 18th century between 1711 till 1850, the changes of relations that China Had with the  nations Qing Empire and the Manchu’s are that the Qing Empire was at a point that they were starting

to decline in power due to bureaucratic breakdown and social disintegration. This is proven when “By

the late 18th century, it was clear that so many Chinese dynasties of the past, the Qing was in

decline….The bureaucratic foundations of the Chinese Empire were rotting from within.”

This caused the European Empire throughout this period of time continued to  control the east and west trading networks throughout the countries.The Dutch,

Britain, and Portugal with their strong support, continued to be all important aspects to

trading due to keeping important roles of getting together trading goods and country's

together.