The+Rise+of+Russia

The Rise of Russia

Pg 440-448 notes Chris Coleman Period 4 Modern world AP history 1/30/11 Notes pg 440-448

__ African Societies,Slavery, And The Slave Trade __
*The slave trade influenced African forms of servitude and the social and political development of African states. Newly populated states emerged in west Africa, in the Sudan and East Africa, slavery also produced long-term effects. MAIN IDEA: The trading of slaves introduced social and political development in the states of Africa. Most slaves were considered “property with a soul. Most slaves had many positions in the working field such as servants, concubiners, soldiers, administrators, and field workers.
 * African societies had developed many forms of servitude, which varied from a peasant status to something much more like chattel slavery in which people were considered things: “property with a soul.”
 * Slaves were used as servants, concubiners, soldiers, administrators, and field workers. In some cases , as in the ancient Empire of Ghana and in Kongo, there were whole villagesof enslaved dependants who were required to pay tribute to the ruler.
 * Despite great variation in African societies and the fact that slaves sometimes attained positions of command and trus, in most cases slaves were denied choice about their lives and actions.

__ Slaving and African politics __
*European merchants and royal officials were able totap existing routes, markets, and institutions, but the new and constant demand also intestified enslavement in Africa and perhaps changed the nature of slavery itself in some African societies. MAIN IDEA: The demand of African slaves put pressure on merchants and royal officials in terms of using routes, markets and institutions.
 * One result of the presence of Europeans on the coast was a shift in the locus of power within Africa.

__ Asante ____ and Dahoney __
In the area called the GoldCoast by the Europeans, the empire of Asante rose to prominence in the period of the slave trade. Their cooperation and their success to fire arms after 1650 initiated a period of centralization and expansion. Under the vigorous OSei Tutu, the title asantehene was created to designate the supreme civil and religios leader. Europeans came to apprectiae African arts and skills. MAIN IDEA: The Asante, among other empires arose from slave trade, with them being the most successful after 1650, during centralization and expansion. Dahoneys empire had a different respons to European presence. Many of these societies made success in bronze, castin, wood carvin, and weaving.
 * The kingdom of Dahoney, which developed among the Fon peoples, had a different response to the European presence.
 * The creativity of these societies was also seen in traditional arts. In many places, crafts such as bronze casting, woodcarving, and weaving flourished.

__ East Africa and the Sudan __
** *West Africa obviously was the region most directly influenced by the trans-Atlantic slave trade, but there and elsewhere in Africa, long-term patterns of society and economy continued and intersected with the new external influences. **


 * *On Zanibar and other offshore islands, and later on the coast itself, Swahili, Indian, and Arabian merchants followed the European model and set up clove-producing plantations using African slave laborers. **


 * *Much less is known about the interior of Eastern Africa. Large and small kingdoms were supported by the well-watered and heavily populated region of the great lakes of interior. **


 * *Nilotic migrations, of people who spoke languages of the Nilotic group, especially of the Luo peoples, resulted in the construction of related dynasties among the states in the area of the large lakes of east central Africa. **
 * Fulani- a pastoral people who spread across a broad area of the western Sudan. **


 * MAIN IDEA: Trans atlantic trade heavily influenced west Africa, causing long term patterns of society and economy continued and intersected with external influences. East Africa however is lees known than west Africa. Nilotic people spoke their own languages, which caused construction of the lakes of east central Africa. **

**__ White Settlers and Africans in Southern Africa __**
*In Southern Africa, a Dutch colony eventually brought Europeans into conflict with Africans, especially the Southern Bantu-speaking peoples. One of these groups, the Zulu, created under Shaka, a powerful chiefdom during the early 19th century in the process of expansion that affected the whole region.


 * By the 16th century, Bantu-speaking peoples occupied much of the eastern regions of Southern Africa. They practiced agriculture and herding, worked iron and copper into tools, weapons, and and adornments, and traded with their neighbors.


 * Politically, chiefdoms of various sizes many of them small, but a few with as many as 50,000 inhabitants characterized the southern Bantu peoples.


 * In 1652 the Dutch East India Company eastablished a colony at the Cape of Good Hope to serve as a provisioning post for ships sailing to Asia


 * As the Boers were pushing northward, the southern Bantu were extending their movement to the south. Various government measures, the accelerating arrival of English-speaking immigrants, and the lure better lands caused groups of Boersto move to the north.
 * MAIN IDEA: Because of the Dutch, there was conflict between the Europeans and the Africans, including the southern Bantu's. Zulu was created by shaka in the 19th century which affected the whole region. The Bantu influenced most of southern Africa in the 16th century. less than 50,00 inhabitants characterized the Southern Bantu peoples. **

**__The Mfecane and the Zulu Rise to Power__**

 * Among the Nguni peoples, major changes had taken place. A unification proccess had begun in some of the northern chiefdoms, and a new military organization had emerged. In 1818 leadership fell to Shaka, a brilliant military tactician, who reformed the loose forces into regiments organized by lineage and age.


 * Shaka's own Zulu chiefdom became the center of this new military and political organization, which began to absorb or destroy its neighbors. Shaka demonstrated talent as a politician, destroying the ruling families of the gorups he incorperated into the growing Zulu state.


 * The rise of Zulu and other Nguni chiefdoms was the beginning of the mfecane, or wars of crushing and wandering.


 * New African states, such as the Swazi, that adapted aspects of the Zulu model emerged among the survivors. One state Lesotho, successfully resisted the Zulu example.


 * The whole of the southern continent, from the Cape colony to lake Malawi, had been thrown into turmoil by raiding parties, remnants, and refugees.


 * MAIN IDEA: mjor changes took place of the Nguni people, including a unifciation proccess beginning in some of the northen chiefdoms. Shaka reformed loose regiments by lineage and age. His own chiefdom was the new political and military organization. The whole continent was thrown into turmoil by raiding parties.**

**__The African Diaspora__**

 * Despite African resistance to enslavement, the slave trade and the horrifying Middle passage carried millions of Africans from their original homelands. In the Americas, especially in plantation colonies, they became a large segment of the population, and African cultures were adapted to new enviornments and conditions.


 * MAIN IDEA: millions of Africans were taken away from their homelands by the Middle Passage, with useless effort in resistance. Becuse of this, Africans were forced to adapted to new cultures and enviornments.**

**__Slave Lives__**

 * The Middle Passage, or slave voyage to the Americas, was traumatic. Taken from their homes, branded, confined, and shackled, the Africans faced not only the dangers of poor hygiene, dysentery, disease, and bad treatment but also the fear of being beaten or worse by the Europeans.


 * MAIN IDEA: Africans had a horrific experience when they were taken by the Middle Passage, and they feared the most that they were to be taken away by the Europeans.**

__**Africans in the Americas**__

 * The slaves carried across the Atlantic were brought mainly to the plantations and mines of the Americas. Landed estates using large amounts of labor, often coerced, became characteristic of American agriculture, at first in sugar production and later for rice, cotton, and tobacco.


 * In any case, the plantation system of farming, with a dependant or enslaved workface characterized the production of many tropical and semitropical crops in demand in Europe.


 * MAIN IDEA: Slaves carried across the Atlantic. Estates using large amounts of labor. Dependant or enslaved workface characterized.**

__**American Slcave Societies**__

 * African born saltwater slaves, who were almost invariably black and their American born decendants, the Creole slaves, some of whom were mulatoos as a result of the sexual exploitation of slave women or othe forms of miscegenation.


 * This hierarchy was a creation of the slaveholders and did not neccessarily reflect perceptions among the slaves. Although economic factors imposed similarities, the slave based societies also varied in their composition. North American cities such as Charleston and New Orleans also developed a large slave and free African population.


 * MAIN IDEA: Saltwater slaves, result of the sexual exploitation of slave women. Economic factors imposed similarities. Charleston developed a large slave and free African population.**

__**The People and Gods in Exile**__

 * Africans brought as slaves to the Americas faced at peculiar series of problems. Working conditions were exhausting, and life for most slaves often was difficult and short. Family formation was made difficult because of the general shortage of female slaves; the ratio of men to women was as much as three to one in some places.


 * Reliion was an obvious example of continuity and adaption. Slaves were converted to Catholicism by the Spaniards and the Portugese, and they showed fervent devotion as members of Black Catholic brotherhoods, some of which were organized by African origins.


 * In the English islands, Obeah was the name given to the African religious practices, and the men and women knowledgable in them were held in high regard within the community. In the practices of Brazilian Candomble and Haitian Vodun, fully developed versions of African religions flourished and continue today, despite attempts to suppress them


 * The reality of the Middle Passage meant that religious ideas were easier to transfer the institutional aspectss of religion.


 * Resistance and rebellion were other aspects of African American history. Recalcitrance, running away, and direct confirmation were present wherever slaves were held. As early as 1508, African runaways disrupted communication on Hispaniola, and in 1527, a plot to rebel was unncovered in Mexico City. Throughout the Americas, communities were persistent. In Brzil during the 17th century, Palmares, an enormous runaway slave kingdom with many villages and a population of perhaps 8000 to 10,000 people, resisted portugese and Dutch attempts to destroy it for a century.


 * Perhaps the most remarkable story of African American resistance is found in the forests of Suriname, a former Dutch plantation colony.


 * MAIN IDEA: Africans faced alot of problems when they were brought to America. Life usually was extremely hard and short for most African slaves. It was nearly impossibly to reunite African American families due to the fact that they were all spread apart. Slaves were converted to Catholicism by the Spaniards and the Portugese. Direct confirmation was present wherever slaves were held. Palameres resisted portugese and Dutch attempts to destroy it for a country.**

__**The End of the Slave Trade and the Abolition of Slavery**__

 * The end of the Atlantic slave trade and the abolition of slavery in the Atlantic world resulted from economic, political, and religious changes in Europe and its over-seas American colonies and former colonies.


 * Like much else about the history of slavery, there is disagreement about the end of the slave trade. It is true that some African societies began to export other commodities, such as peanuts, cotton, and palm oil, which made their dependance on the slave trade less important, but the supply of slaves to European merchants was not greatly affected by this development.


 * Under the leadership or religious humanitarians, such as John Wesley and William Wilberfore, an abolinitionist movement gained strength against the merchants and the west Indies interests.


 * MAIN IDEA: End of Atlantic slave trade led to economic, political, and religious changes in Europe. Peanuts, cotton, palm oil declared African colonies independance, but Europe was still not greatly affected**