Byzantines



=OUTLINE:= Had to choose a religion Thought religion would appeal more to army Byzantine Empire-1000 Years Architecture of Christian churches Greek was thier Language Long prison in the Eastern Mediterannean New political spiritualist entered empire Italy could not hold territory had retained some land but people kept invading Justinian Helped wipe out invaders wanted to build new churches and Hunes =﻿Espirit Chart Page 194-202= =﻿ E = ====The Byzantine Empire was shaped by the decline of the Roman Empire and the rise of the Arabs. The empire weathered many attacks and flourished several countries. Romans set up their eastern capitol in Constantinople. This city quickly became the most vigorous center of the otherwise fading imperial structure. Justinians positive contributions to the Byzantine Empire lay in rebuilding Constantinople, ravaged by earlier riots against high taxes, and systematizing the Roman legal code.==== = ﻿S = ====The empire faced many foreign enemies, alothugh the pressure was less severe than that provided by the Germanic tribes in the West. It responded by recruiting armies in the Middle east itself, not by relying on barbarian troops. The early history of the Byzantine Empire was marked by a recurrent threat of invasion. Eastern Emperors, relying on their local military base plus able generalship by upper-class Greeks, beat off attacks by the Sassanian Empire in Persia and by Germadic invaders.==== = ﻿P = ====Soon, seperate eastern emperors ruled from the new metropolis, even before the western portion of the empire fell to the Germadic invaders. The new empire benefited from the high levels of commerce long present in the eastern Mediterranean. New blood was drawn into administration and trade as Hellenized Egyptians and Syrians, long excluded from Roman administration, moved to Constantinople and entered the expanding bureaucracy of the Byzantine rulers. The Byzantine Empire held out nevertheles. A major seige of the capital in 717-718 C.E==== = ﻿I = ====Justinians military exploits had more ambiguous results. The emperor wanted to recapture the old ROman Empire itself. With the aid of a brilliant general Belisarius, newnew gains were made in north Africa and Italy. Justinians forces mad their temporary capital, Ravenna, a ke artistic cneter, embellished by some of the most beautiful Christian mosaics known anywhere in the world. The Byzantine Empire developed a distinctively stylized religious art, adapted from earlier Roman painting styles and conveying the solemnity of the holy figures of the faith.==== = ﻿R = ====Russias king Vladimir was baptized in Cherson in the year 988.The resultant empire, centered in the southern Balkans and the western and central portions of present-day Turkey, was a far cry from Rome's greatness. Mosaics from the early period of the Byzantine Empire illustrate some of the highest achievements of Byzantine religious art. One of the more famous mosaics would be one named "Christ the Redeemer"One church during this time period would be the Church of Holy Wisdom, which is now known today as the city of Istanbul. this church was built in 532-537 C.E under the reign of the Emperor Justinian. Just as theologians through the centuries have worked to understand Christ's message, so too have artists struggled to capture his image. Christ was common in Western Christianity which place more pmhasis on suffering and less on divine majesty.==== = ﻿I = ====Justinians codification of Roman law reached a goal earlier emperors had sought but not achieved, summing up and breconciling many prior edicts and decisions. Unified law not only reduced confusion but also united and organized the new empirem paralleling the states bureaucracy. After some setbacks, Justinians successors began to concentrate of defending the eastern empire itself. Persian successes in the northern Middle East were reversed in the 7th century, and the population was forcibly reconverted to Christianity.==== = ﻿T = ====Emperor Constantine constructed a host of elegant buildings, including Christian churches, in his new city, which was built on the foundations of a previously modest town called Byzantium. Extending Roman architecture, with its addition of domes to earlier classical styles, Justinians builders created many new structures, the most inspiring of which was the huge new church, the Hagia Sophia, long one of the wonders of the Christian world. This was an achievement in architecture as well as in engineering, fo no one had previously been able to build the supports needed for a dome of its size. Greek Fire a petroleum, quickline, and sulfur mixture,had devastated Arab ships.==== []
 * Vladimir- Start of the Byzantines
 * Rise of Justinian
 * Justins conquests to recapture territory
 * Arab armiesSocially Economically country counted on trading goods
 * Crocodoc Link To Document 1:**

__Summary Of Document 1__ Summarizes the pros and cons of justice. The growth of youth was very important. This was important as far as the need of societies to be builtThis has been the case since the beginning of life. Like the order of the world and how it works. The difference between freedom and Slavery is that Freedom is the priveledge to do whatever you please while slavery is limited freedom depending on who controls you or who is you master. Slaves can also be traded between different owners.If a woman were to be already married to someone, another man could not marry that woman. If this were to happen anyway, it would be considered as a violation and a criminal act. Civil Law mainly comes from Athens, including Solon or Draco. This caused the ROman citizens to follow these laws. Romans were forced to be united due to the laws in Rome. When Woman were that the right age to be married, they are automatically expected to be married to any man that asks them to. This is all according to the constitutio in Rome. As written in stone, these laws have prett mcuh been in existence since the beginning of mankind. It was forbidden that brothers and sisters to marry. You were not allowed to marry an adopted sister, unless she was to be emancipated. If a man were to adopt a son, he would have to emancipate his daughter. If the people of Greece and Rome were to not follow these rules, than none of the priveledges of being in a marriage, having children, getting emancipated, or owning slavces would be allowed. If a child was born without a father, but the mother later was married to a man, that man would take the position as the father, or parent/guardian .Civil law is distinguished from the law of nations. Neccessities that involve human kind. ** The Justinian Laws shows the importance of following rules, even when they do not make any sense **

__Summary Of Document 2__ __*__ Natural rivers are free to everyone.
 * Religious objects didnt belong to anyone.
 * Things the Byzantines take from enemies are thiers. If they take soldiers theyre their property.
 * If you build something out of someones materials, its still yours. If your find something its yours.
 * If you took something on board thats when your considered to be stealing
 * Justinian Law shows the conern of the protection and the health of others **

__Summary Of Document 3__ Making verbal promises/contracts.
 * You have to keep promise.
 * If product is broken, you still have to pay for it. If you die, your family responsible.
 * They made laws in a universal greek language.
 * If owner doesnt pay property, the price could be doubled or be fined.
 * Justinian Law shows the concern of wealth and property **

=﻿Overall, it shows the importance of keeping your promise no matter what.=

=Questions From Pages 203-209= In 864, the Byzantine govenment sent the missionaries Cyril and Methodus to the territory that is now the Czech and slvak republics
 * 1. Who were Cyril and Methodus? What did they accomplish?**

Eastern Europe during these centuries also recieved an important influx of jews, who were migrating away from the Middle east but also fleeing violence in western europe. Organized mass baptisms for his subjects, forcing conversions by military pressure. South slaves are mainly but not entirely Orthodox, a regional division that can provoke recurrent violence. Politically, the case is more complicated. Poland, Hungary, and Lithuania formed large regional kingdoms at various times during and after the postclassical period.
 * 2. How did the events in the Middle East affect the demographics of the East Central borderlands?**
 * 3. Outline the development of the Kievan Rus.**
 * Russia shared many feature with the rest of northeastern Euurope before the 15th century.
 * During the 6th and 7th centuries, traders from Scandinavia began to work through the Slavic lands, moving along the great rivers of western russia.
 * The Scandinavian traders, militarily superior to the Slavs, gradually set up some governments along their trade route to the city of Kiev.
 * monarchy emerged
 * Rurik became first prince to be called Kievan Rus
 * Vladimir converted Christianity
 * Russian Orthodox seperated
 * 4. What important decision was made by Vladimir I?**
 * 5. What were some of the major similarities and differences between Byzantium and the Kievan Rus?**
 * 6. What factors led to the decline of the Kievan Rus?**
 * The Scandinavian traders, militarily superior to the Slavs, gradually set up some governments along their trade route to the city of Kiev.
 * monarchy emerged
 * Rurik became first prince to be called Kievan Rus
 * Vladimir converted Christianity
 * Russian Orthodox seperated
 * Read and Summarize the points of "Eastern and Western Europe: The Problem of boundaries" p. 208**

Defining the territory of the two related civilizations that developed in Europe is particually difficult. A number of states sat, and still sit, on the borders of the two civilizations, sharing some characteristics of each. The questions of defining Europes civilizations s a particualy thorny case of a larger problem. If a civilization is defined simply by its mainstream culture, then eastern and western Europe in the postclassical period divide logically according to Orthodox and Catholic territories. By this reckoning, Poland, the Czech areas, and the Baltic states are western, and Hungary is largely so. South slaves are mainly but not entirely Orthodox, a regional division that can provoke recurrent violence. Politically, the case is more complicated. Poland, Hungary, and Lithuania formed large regional kingdoms at various times during and after the postclassical period. But these kingdoms were very loosely organzed, much more so than the feudal monarchiesthat were developing in western europe. Trade patterns also did not closely unite poland or Hungary with western europe until much later, when the two regions were clearly different in economic structure.

=Chapter Summary= TheByzantine had influence on similarities and differences between Eastern and Western europe. Vladimir was a very cruel leader who forced his subjects to be baptists. The Prince Took up the name Kievan Rus.