Leadership+Analysis

(1918-1970) || Title: Had power in Egypt in a military coup || Egypt || Years in Power He was in power during the years 1952 till 1956 || Egpytians had won their independence in the Mid 1930s, except for the lingering british presence in the Suez Canal zone. -Conditions had worsened and Egypts government parties did little but rake in wealth for their elitist memberships, revolutionary forces in Egyptian society. -Free Officers Movement: evolved from a secret organization established in the Egyptian army in the 1930s. -Founded by idealistic young officers of Egyptian rather than Turco-Egyptian descent, the secret Revolutinary Command Council studied conditions in the country and prepared to seize power in the name of a genuine revolution. -al-Banna founded the Muslim brotherhood in 1928 -Nasser also embarked on an interventionist foreign policy that stressed the struggle to destroy the newly established Israeli state, forge arab unity, and foment socialist revolutions in neighboring lands. -Nehrus approach to government and developmentalso differed from Nasser’s in his more moderate mix of state and private initiatives. -no middle class in egypt -90% of presidents were illiterate - || Al-Banna founded the Muslim Bortherhood to remedy these injustices and rid Egypt of its foreign oppressors. -Nasser was only one of several officers at the head of the Free Officers Moovement, and by no means was he initially the most charismatic. -Nasser made good use of the rare combined backing of the United States and the Soviet Union to achieve his aims in the crisis. -Even the Aswan Dam projects, the cornersone of Nassers development drive, was a fiasco. -There was a Nasserite emphasis on socialism and state intervention. -radical on economic reforms || Muslim Brotherhood: another revolutionary alternative to the khedival regime. -After months of internal power struggles in the officer corps, he emerged as the head of the military gov.t that was deeply committed to revolution. -Nasser and his fellow officers used the dictatorial powers they had won in the coup to force through programs they believed would uplift the long oppressed Egyptian masses. -Nasser again rose as a powerful force when after fighting the Israels to a stalemate in 1973, Sadat also moved to end the costly confrontation with Israel as well as Egypts support for revolutionary movements in the Arab world. || -Land reform measures were enacted: limits were placed on how much land an individual could own, and excess lands were seized and redistributed to landless peasants. -The state simply could not afford all the ambitious schemes to which Nasser and the revolutionary officers had committed it. -Nassers successor Anwar Sadat, had little choice but to dismantle the massive state apparatus that had been created. || Long-Term Effects -Self-financed education through the college level was made available to Egyptians. -Egypts humiliating defeats in the first Arab-Israeli War of 1948 and in a clash with the British over the latter’s continuing occupation of the Suez Canal Zone in 1952. -The gov.t was Egyptians main employer; by 1980, more than 30 percent of Egypts workforce was on the state payroll. - ||
 * Name of Leader: Nasser ||
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Khomeini || (1900-1989) || Title: Religious ruler of Iran following revolution of of 1979 to expe the Pahlavi shah of Iran || Iran || Years in Power He was in power in the years 1979 till 1989 || -Emphasied religious purification, tried to eliminate Western influences and establish purely Islamic government. -The Khomeinin revolution of 1979 was a throwback to the religious fervor of such anticolonail resistance movements as that led by the Mehdi of the Sudan in the 1880s. -Both eaders promised their followers magical protection and instant paradise should they fall while eaging the holy war against the heretics and infidels. - Strict islamic codes, -Shahs oppressed the middle eastern || -Core motivations fot the followers of both movements were provided by the emphasis on religious purification and the rejoining of religion and politics, which leaders such as the Mahdi and Khomeini have seen as central to the Islamic tradition. -Khomeini’s revolution owned its initial success in seizing power to a combination of circumstances that was unique to Iran. -Iran distanced itself from the atheistic world. || -The lleaders of both movements sought to spread their revolutions to surrounding areas, both Muslim and infidel, and each believed he was setting in motion forces that would eventually sweep the entire globe. -After coming to Power, Khomeini, defying the predictions of most Western experts on Iranian affairs, followed through on his promises on radical change. -Khomeini’s planners also drew up grand schemes for land reform, religious education, and economic development that accorded with the dictates of Islam. -The struggle became a highly personal vendetta for Khomeini, who was determined to destroy Saddam Hussein and punish the Iraqis. Hundreds of thousands of poorly armed and half trained conscripts, including tens of thousands of untrained and nearly weaponless boys, died before Khomeini finally agreed to a humiliating armistice in 1988 || -neither the bureaucratic nor the communication infrastructures tha accompanied colonial takeovers were highly developed here. -Moderate leaders were replaced quickly by radical religious figures who were eager to obey Khomeini’s every command. -Most of these measures came to little because menafter the revolution, Saddam Hussein, the military leader of neighboring Iraq, sought to take advantage of the turmoil in Iran by annexing its western, oil-rich provinces. -An Iraqi war machine bankrolled by its oil rich Arab neighbors, who were fearful that Khomeini’s revolution might spread to their own countries. -He put economic development that did not last. -banned political parties in the military places in Uganda || Long-Term Effects: -Substantial western educated middle class emerge. -Constitutional and leftist parties allied to the revolutionary movement were brutally oppressed. -The satanic influences of the United States and western Europe were purged. -Veiling became obligatory for all women, and the career prospects for women of the educated middle classes, who had been among the most favored by the shah’s reforms, suddenly were limited drastically. -The Iran-Iraq War that resulted swallowed up Iranian energies and resources for almost the entire decade after Khomeini cmaer to power. -His refusal to negotiate peace caused heavy losses and untold suffering to the Iranian people. || Change Analysis Chart: Latin America 1914 -> today Key Changes ||  Basic Features at the End of the Period  ||  Causes and effects  ||  Mexico ||  Argentina:  ||   ||   ||
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 * Theme ||  Basic features at beginning of period  ||  Key Continuities
 * Politics style of governments || Argentina: The rise of revolutionary movements was fed by the underlying disruptions. Urban laborers provided key support for revolutionary parties in many countries.
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