Russia

-Not since the late 18th and early 19th centuries had there been a succession of revolutions like those in the early decades of the 20th century. -The early 20th century upheavals were just the first waves of a revolutionary tide that struck with renewed fury after 1945. -Rural discontent was crucial, for peasants provided contributions to 20th century revolutions everywhere they occured. -The rise of revolutionary movements was fed by the underlying disruptions caused by the spread of the Industrial Revolution & the global market system -Urban laborers provided key support for revolutionary parties in many countries. -World wars proved even more fertile seedbeds of revolution. -Retuning soldiers neglected veterans provided the shock troops for revolutionaries and fascist pretenders alike. -The economic competition and military rivalries drew then into unwanted wars they could not sustain without raw materials and manpower drawn from colonies and other neutral states. -Notions of progress and a belief in the perfectibility of human society deeply influenced the communists theorists aas Marx, Lenin, Mao Zedong, and Ho Chi Minh. -Visions of the good life in peasant communes or workers utopias were a powerful driving force for revolutionary currents throughout the century from Mexico to China. -A final common ingredient of 20th century revolutions was the need to come to terms with Western influence and often to reassert greater national autonomy.
 * 1. Read In Depth p.684 take brief notes and answer the questions (5 points)**

__**MAIN IDEA:**__ Not since the late 18th and early 19th centuries had there been a succession of revolutions. The early 20th century upheavals were just the first waves of a revolutionary tide. Rural discontent was crucial, for peasants provided contributions to 20th century. The rise of revolutionary movements was fed by the underlying disruptions. Urban laborers provided key support for revolutionary parties in many countries. World wars proved even more fertile seedbeds of revolution. Retuning soldiers neglected veterans provided the shock troops. The economic competition and military rivalries drew then into unwanted wars they could not sustain. Notions of progress and a belief in the perfectibility of human society deeply influenced the communists. Visions of the good life in peasant communes or workers utopias were a powerful driving force for revolutionary currents. A final common ingredient of 20th century revolutions was the need to come to terms with Western influence.

__**QUESTION:**__ What internal and external forces weakened the governments of Mexico and China in the opening decades of the 20th century and unleashed the forces of revolution? What key socialgroups were behind the revolutions in Mexico, China, and Russia, and why were they so important in each case? What similarities and differences can you identify among these three early revolutions in the 20th century?


 * ANSWER:** Visions of the good life in peasant communes or workers utopias were a powerful driving force for revolutionary currents throughout the century from Mexico to China.


 * 2. Take outline notes on Russia (25 points)**

-In March 1917, strikes and food riots broke out in Russia's capital, St. Petersburg -Protested the conditions of early industrialization set against incomplete rural reform and a unresponsive political system. -For eight months a liberal provisional government struggled to rule the country. -Russian revolutionary leaders, such as Alexander Kerensky, were eager to see genuine parliamentary rule, religious and other freedoms. -Liberal leaders also held back from the massive land reforms expected by the peasantry. -The revolution was a godsend to Lenin. -This devoted revolutionary had long been writing of Russias readiness for a communist revolt because of the power of international capitalism and its creation of a massive proletariat. -Lenin and the Bolsheviks faced several immediate problems. -This treaty was soon nullified by Germany's defeat at the hands of the Western allies, but Russia was ignored at the Versailles peace conference. -Lenin and the Bolsheviks were not the most popular revolutionary party in 1917. -russia was thus to have no Western style multiparty system but rather a Bolshevik monopoly in the name of the true peoples will. -Russias revolution produced a backlash that revolutionaries in other eras would have recognized quite easily. -The internal civil war,was a more serious matter, as it raged from 1918 to 1921. -Their efforts were aided by continuing economic distress. -Industrial nationalization somewhat similarily disrupted manufacturing -Famine and unemployment created more economic hardship than the war had generated. -The Red Army was an early beneficiary of two ongoing sources of strength for communist russia - Next, economic disarray was reduced in 1921 when Lenin issued his New Economic Policy, which promised considerable freedom of action for small business owners and peasant landowners. -By 1923, the Bolshevik revolution was an accomplished act. -The system recognized the multinational character of the nation, which was called the Union of Soviet Socialist republics. -Union of soviet socialist republics-the multinational character of the states. -The dominance of wthnic russians was preserved in central state apparatus. -The supreme soviets had many of the trappings of a parliment and was elected by universal suffrage. Soviet Experimentation -The mid 1920s constituted a lively experimental period in Soviet history, partly because of the jockeying for power at the top of the power pyramid. -One key to the creative mood of these years was the rapid spread of education promoted by the government as well as educated and propoganda activities. -The soviet regime grappled with other key definitional issues in the 1920s. -Stalin- The red armys flamboyant trotsky and a communist party stalwart of worker origins who had taken the name stalin meaning steel. -Many revolutionary leaders actively encouraged communist parties in the west and set up a Comitern. -Stalin would also accelerate industrial development while attacking peasant and ownership with a new collectivization program. -They used features of the tsarist system but managed to propel a wholly new leadership group to power not only at the top but also at all levels of the bureaucracy and army.
 * Revolution in Russia p681-685
 * Stabilization of Russia's Communist Regime:**
 * -** The Red Army was an early beneficiary of two ongoing sources of strength for communist Russia

Industrialization and Recovery: -Japans policies in the 1930s quelled the affects of the Depression for Japan even more fully thatn Hitler's policies were able to do for Germany. -Japan made a full turn toward industrialization after 1931. -The number of workers in the leading industries rose during the 1930s. -Japan also initiated a series of new industrial policies designed to stabilize the labor force and prevent social unrest. -By 1937 Japan boasted the third largest and the newest merchant marine in the world.
 * Stalinism in the Soviet Union p698-703s of the Depression for Japan even more fully than Hitler's policies were able to do for Germany.

Stalinism in the Soviet Union: -The Soviet Union buffered from the Depression by its seperate economy. -Stalin devoted himself to a double task: to make the Soviet Union a industrial industrial society and to do so under full control of the state rather than through private initiative and individual ownership of producing property.

Economic Policies: -A massive program to collective agriculture began in 1928. -The collectives movement also futher offered the chance to merchanize agriculture most effectively as collective farms could group scarce equipment, such as tractors and harvestors. -The peasantry responded to collectivization with a decidedly mixed voice. -Devastating famine resulted from Stalins insistence on pressing foward. -Gradually, rural resistance collapsed and production began to increase once again. -Collective jobs created an atmosphere of factorylike discipline and rigid planning from above that antagonized many peasants. -The collective farms did allow usually low food supplies once the messy transition period had ended. -If stalins approach to agriculture had serious flaws, his handling of industry was in most ways a stunning success. -A system of five year plans under the state planning commission began to set clear priorities for industrial development -This distincitve industrialization was to remain characteristic of the Soviet version of industrial society. -The Soviet Union had become the worlds third industrial power, behind only Germany and the United States.

Toward an Industrial Society: -The industrialization process in the Soviet union produced many results similar to those in the west. -Communist policy quickly established a network of welfare services, surpassing the west in this area and reversing decades of tsarist neglect. -Soviet industry was directed from the top and the sole union movement was controlled by the party-worker concerns were studied, and identified problems were addressed.

Totalitarian Rule: -Stalinism instituted new controls over intellectual life ]. -Artists and writers who did not toe the line risked exile to Siberian prison camps, and party loyalist in groups like the Writers Union helped ferret out dissendants. -Socialist realism was the dominant school, emphasizing heroic idealizations of workers, soldiers, and peasants. -Stalin also combined his industrialization program with a new intensification of govwrnment police procedures: -he used patty and state apparatusto monopolize power, even more thoroughly than Hitlers totalitarian state attempteabd. -Politburo: party congresses and meetings of the executive committee became rubber stamps, -Hitlers rise was a clear signal that more active concern was neccessary.

A lively popular culture: -Westen society displayed mors vitality in its popular culture than in formal intellectual life. -some observers spoke of a U.S doft drinks, blue jean fashions chewing gum, and other artifacts became increasingly common. -In contrast to the interwar decades, European popular culture had its own power and ebegan to influence the U.S -Other facets of popular culture displayed a new vigor. -Sexual culture also changed in the west, building on earlier trends that linked sex to larger pleasure seeking mentality characteristic of growing consumerism and to a desire for personal expression. -Critics of western popular culture worried about its superficiality and its role in distracting ordinary people from ongoing problems such as social inequality. Eastern Europe After World War II: A soviet empire: -Soviet russia expanded the effective empire, Amid new challenges, the Soviet system maintained distincive political controls. The Soviet Union as Superpower: -By 1945 foreign policy had several ingredients. -genuine revulsionas Germany's two invasions prompteda feverish desire to set up buffer zones under soviet control. -Soviet participation in the late phasesof the war against Japan provided an ipprtunity to seize more islands in the northern pacific. The New Soviet Empire in Eastern Europe: -The soviet uniion developed increasing worldwide infulence with trade and cultural mission on inhabited contents. The small nations of easterneurope had gone through a troubled period between the world wars. -BY 1945 the dominant force in eastern europe was the soviet army as it pushed the germans back. -After what was in effect the soviet takeover, a standard development dynamic emerged throughoutmost of eastern europe by the early 1950 -After the formation of NATO in western europe the relevant eastern europe nations were enfolded i a common defense alliance the Warsaw pact. -Faced with a widespread exodus to western germany, the soviet built the berlin wall in 1961 to stem the flow. Inpoland the soviets accepted a new leader more popular with the polish people. -Soviet control over Eastern europe did loosen slightly overall, for the heavy handed repression cost considerable prestige. -Eastern europe remained with the soviet union as a somewhat seperate economic bloc in world trade, but ther was room for limited diversity. -The limits of experimintation in eastern europe were brought home again in 1968 when a more livberal regime came to power in Czechoslovakia. -BY the 1980s eastern urope had been vastly transformed by several decades of communist rule. -The expansion of Soviet influence answered important Soviet important policy goals, both traditional and new. Evolution of Domsetic plicies. -Within the soviet union the stalinist system remained intct during the initial postwar years. -This attitude helped sustain the the difficult rebuilding efforts after the war, which repeated rapidly enough for the soviet union to regain ite prewar industrial capacityannual growth rates. -Stalins political structure continued to emphsize cantral controls and the omnipresent pary bureaucracy,Recruitment from the ranks ofofpeasant and worker families continued into the 1940s. Soviet culture: Prompting new beliefs and institutions. -Rapid industrialization caused signiffiacnt social change in Eastern europe. -The soviet govt. was an impressive new product, not just a renewal of tsarist autocracy. -The govt. and the party also maintainerd an active cultural agenda. -Although the new regime did not attempt to abolish the Orthodox church, it greatly limited the churc's outreach. -The soviet regime also limited freedom of religion for the Jewish minority. -The soviet state also continued to attack modern western styles of art and literature but maintained some western styles, which was appropiated as russian. -Literature in the soviet union remained divers and creative. Alekasandr Solzhenitsym: exiled to the U>S after the publication of his trilogy on Siberian prison camps, the gulag Archipelago. -Soviet culture continued to place great emphasis on scienc and social science. -Biologists and psychiatrists, chemistry, and mathematics. -20th century Soviet culture proved neither traditional nor western. -The soviet union need to amass capital for development in a traditionally poor society helped explain the inatention to consumer goods. -despite an occasional desire to beat the west at its own affluent socity game, eastern europe did not develop the kind of consumer society that came to characterize the west. -Soviet industrialization also caused an unusual degree of enviornmental damage. -The communist system throughout eastern europe also failed to resolve problems w/ agriculutre. -Despite the importance of distinctive political and economic characteristics, eastern europe society echoed a number of the themes of contemporary western social history. -
 * Eastern Europe after WWII p750-759


 * To receive full credit for your notes you must include the following terms/people in your notes. You must also include Main Ideas**


 * //Kerensky, Lenin, Bolsheviks, Stalin, Collectivization, Soviets, Five-year plans, Socialist Realism, Khrushchev, Gorbachev, Glasnost, Perestroika, Yeltsin, Putin//**

3. Complete a leadership analysis of //__either__// Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin or Nikita Khrushchev (5 points)

4. Write a thesis statement for the following questions (10 points)**


 * Analyze the changes and continuities in Russian political structure from 1914 to the present

from 1914 to present, Russia had changed its society by the soviet union due to sdtability in the government. at the beggining russian society __**CHANGES!!!!:**__ -lcohol rose in the 1980s -presidents remained in society. -hey were not able to do much with the economy -imprisonment -from 1914 to the present china's policies have evolved in different ways zenon __**CONTINUITIES!!!!:**__ -the govt.:struggle between communism and imperialism what continued?
 * one continuity is that they stay communists

communism continues to this day another continuiti is the leaders because they continued on the way they would lead the country they were no longer farmers little govt influence continued to have little influence on the majority of the population
 * Analyze the changes in Russian Society from 1914 to the present

russia different power struggles resulted into a democracy. all political systems have a leader

CHANGES FOR CHINA!!!: got rid of the labor class abolish confucianism ideas

CONTINUITIES FOR CHINA!!!!: there was still violence

any change in continuity from 1450 to 1750 between 1914 + __today__**,** __Russia__ experienced (many/few) changes in. The most important changes were  __,__ , and. However, despite these changes were (few/many) continuities such as ___,__, and __.

Between 1914 and today, China experienced many changes as women gained pivitol rights