From+Hunter+Gathering+to+Civilizations

=__**Chapter 1 Summary:**__= Life for citizens that lived in Mesopitamia was very harsh cruel, and unfair. Especially with Hammurabi's code laws being put into placer. One example of Hammurabi's law that was in affect is if someone were to accuse another person of committing a crime for a violent act but could not prove it because of the lack of evidence, then the person who accused were to be automatically be executed with no questions asked. This particular law started when Hammurabi came to power in mesopitamia starting in 2000 B.C.E. This law was created to rule and regulate the citizens of Mesopitamia so that they would be forced to live in society without rebellion or hostility. Hunting and Gathering economics dominated human history until 9000 B.C.E. These economics helped propel migration over most of the lands on earth. Human societies spread widely geographically. Tool use gradually improved inthe hunter gatherer economy. The Neotholic revolution centered on the development of agriculture. The emergence of civilization occured in many though not all agricultural societies. Early civilizations formed in Mesopitamia, Egypt, the Indus River basin, and China. Most river valley civilizations declined after about 1200 B.C.E. A number of small centers emerged in the Middle East that introduced further innovations, including the religionof Judaism.Early civilizations both seperated and integrated key groups of people.

=__**1. Definition of Civilization**__= Civilization is a group of people who settled in a community with a government and a social structure that could be complex based on who's in charge. People in civilizations have their own culture, traditions, customs, and religious beliefs =__**2. ESPIRIT Chart on Civilization**__=

**I:**The combination of factors usually resulted in urban settlements marked by complex social stratification based upon birth, sex, and occupation.
====**T:** Neolithic development of agriculture, from 8500 to 3500 B.C.E., was the first truly revolutionary transformation in human history. Neolithic farmers were able to remake enviornments to suit their needs and to produce surpluses for the support of specialized elites in agriculture, commerce, and manufacturing.====

**__Place__-** Created in mesopitamia in 1800 B.C.E
====**__Prior Knowledge__-** Created in Mesopitamia by Hammurabi. He strated to rule in 2000 B.C.E. So far what we have learned about this topic is that Hammurabi was very cruel and unfair to the people of Mesopitamia with his law.==== ====**__Audience__-** The intended audience is the people who lived in Mesopitamia. They might have recieved this as being fact but very strict and unfair to them. For example; if someone were to accuse a person of committing a crime or a violent act, but failed to prove it due to lack of evidence, than the accuser were to be automatically executed.====

**__Reason for Creation__-** The law was created to rule and regulate so that they would be forced to live in society without violence or rebellion.
====**__The Main Idea__-** The main idea is that hammurabi's code law was strict on the citizens of Mesopitamia. One example of a srict law that was strict is; "if someone were to accuse another person of committing a crime for a violent act but could not prove it because of the lack of evidence, then the person who accused were to be automatically be executed"==== ====**__Significance__-** This relates to the bigger picture of Hammurabi's code law by describing how the citizens of Mesopitamia had to live by this law in order to live in society. What it can tell us as historians is during the time of Hammurabi's code law, the Citizens of Mesopitamia lived their lives miserably due to Hammurabi's law being strict and unfair.==== =__**4. ESPIRIT Chart on Mesopitamia**__=

**E:**The economy was based on agriculture, predominantly the cultivation of barley.
====**S:** Two cultural groups form the principle elements in the population of Mesopotamia before the beginning of history and in the millennium thereafter 3rd Millenium BC.These are the Sumerians and the Akkadians. They lived peacefully together and created in mutual fertilization, by symbiosis and osmosis, the conditions for a common high civilization.==== ====**P:** At times one city would try to conquer and unify the region, but such efforts were resisted and failed for centuries. As a result, the political history of Sumer is one of almost constant warfare. Eventually Sumer was unified by Eannatum, but the unification was tenuous and failed to last as the Akkadians conquered Sumeria in 2331 BC only a generation later.====

**I:** People who lived in Mesopitamia were very family oriented celebrating peagan holidays with one another.
====**T:**Mesopotamian people invented many technologies including metal and copper-working, glass and lamp making, textile weaving, flood control, water storage, and irrigation. They were known as the Bronze Age====

**Indus River-** Large river that seperates two large countries.
= __Greeks: Crucible of Civilization; Notes from movie in class__ =

- 18.Aritheans, dominated Greek trade
==== - 19. Sparta, brought up from birth to be soldiers, separated from their families, few possessions besides their weapons, clothes were red to cover up blood, conquered over 4,000 sq. miles of Greece, every year they declared war on the Helotes  ====

- 23. One man seizes control of government called a tyrant
=__﻿**APPARTS Chart on SPARTA:**__= __**A:**__ Plutarch's Lives.Translated by Bernadotte Perrin. Cambridge MA: Harvard University __**P:**__ This document was produced during 800 to 600 B.C.E. This might affect the meaning of the source due to the fact that this was recorded way back in history during a time where not alot of documentation was present to learn more about the history in the BCE era. __**P:**__ The prior knowledge I have is that Sparta had an army over 300 Soldiers, and was located in Rome __**A:**__ The source is made for an audience of people who lived in eastern Mediterranean at the time. This could affect the reliability of the source by the author Plutarch being influenced by the Eastern Meditteranean to help making the document accurate. __**R:**__ The Reason this source was produced in 1st c. BCE by Plutarch is to describe the city of Sparta and how great it was compared to its great rival in greece during the fifth century BCE and after. And also to describe how Sparta quickly outgrew their original city and conquered surrounding people, how Sparta was constantly challenged due to having a huge population, and How Lycurgus is credited with establishing what amounted to a military state in Sparta. __**T:**__ The point that this source is trying to convey is what importance was to capture the mening behind the feud between Greece andRome and why it was taken to be a very serious matter. __**S:**__ This source shows importance because it is an important resource of what occured in Greece and how the ongoing battle back then betwen Sparta and Athens came about, and how Sparta was very resourceful when it came to trading good such as Laconian soil, vagabond soothsayer, and so on. An inference that I could draw from this document is that this document at point was made by the thoughts and influences by its author Plutarch.

=﻿**__APPARTS Charts on Athens:__**=
 * __A:__** The Global Experience: Readings in World History to 1550. Edited by Phillip F. Riley. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall
 * __P:__** This document was produced during 430 to 300 B.C.E. This might affect the meaning of the source due to the fact that this was recorded way back in history during a time where not alot of documentation was present to learn more about the history in the BCE era.
 * __P:__** The prior knowledge I have about this document isGreece was lead by Julius Ceaser.
 * __A:__** This source is pointed towards an audience of people who were involved in the Pelopolessian War. This could affect the reliability of the source by the author Thucydides bein influenced by the people of the Pelopolessian War to help making the document accurate.
 * __R:__** The Reason this source was produced in 5th c. BCE by Thucydides is to compare the lives and cities of the Athenians and Spartans, and how Pericles, a well respected young noble, dominated Athenian politics and society during the 460s to 420s BCE and presided over Athens when the city was at its height.
 * __T:__** The point that this source is trying to convey is what importance was to capture the mening behind the feud between Greece andRome and why it was taken to be a very serious matter.
 * __S:__** This source shows importance because it is an important resource of what occured in Greece and how the ongoing battle back then betwen Sparta and Athens came about, and also who was involved in making te claim that Athens is to be a model of democracy. An inference that I could draw from this document is that this document at point was made by the thoughts and influences by its author Thucydides.