20+Century+Middle+East





Outline notes 661-666 & 727-729:

 * Egypt and the rise of Nationalism in the middle east:**

-Egypt is one country in the afro asian world in which the emregence of nationalism preceded european conquest and domination -Egyptian officers: mled to the british occupation in 1882, aimed at the liberation of the egyptian people from their alien turkish overlords -In the decades following the british conquest, government policy was dominated by the strong willed and imperious Lord Cromer. -The latter were clearlyamong the biggest gainers. -The british had been forced to rely heavily on local estate owning notables in extending control, into the rural areas. -Resistance to the occupation was left mainly to the middle class. -Effendi: or the prosperous business and professional families that made up much of this new middle class. -In the 1890s and early 1900s, numerouys newspapers in Arabic vied to expose the mistakes of the british and the coprruption of the khedival regime. -In the years before the outbreak of WW I in 1914, heavy handed british repression on several occasions put down student riots or retaliated assassination attempts against high british and Turco Egyptian officials -Dinshawai incident: demonstarted the extent of the hostility felt by the Egyptian masses. -Most Egyptian villages raised large numbers of pigeons, which served as an important supplement to the meager peasant diet. -Angry villagers mobbed outnumbered shooting party, which in panic fired on the villagers --The harsh British reprisals aroused a storm of protest in the Egyptian press and among the nationalist parties. -Popular protests in several areas, and the emergence of ayan support for the nationalist cause, also suggested the possibility of building a mass base for anti British agitiation.


 * War and nationalist movements in the middle east:**

-Resistnce to european colonial domination spread to much of the rest of the middle east. -Ataturk had emerged for the turkish officer corps during the war years. -By 1923 an independant Turkish republic had been established, but at the costg of the expulsion of tens of thousands of ethnic greeks. -Many of the often radical changes his government introduced in the 1920s and 1930s were modeled on Western precedents -Betraying promises to preserve arab independence that the british had made in 1915 and early 1916, French and British forces occupied much of the middle east in the years after the war. -Hussein: used promises to convine the arabs to rise in support of britains war against the turks -mandates: carved out in syria, Iraq and Lebanon under the auspices of the League of Nations. -The fact that the british had appeared to promise palestine for which they recieved a league of nations mandate in 1922, to both the Jewish Zionists and the arabs during the war greatly complicated an already confused situation. -Balfour Declaration: approved by the british war cabinet, fed existing Zionist aspirations for the jewish people to return to their ancient Middle Eastern lands of origin. -These early moves were made in direct response to the persecution of the Jews of eastern Europe in the last decades of the 19th century. -Russia and Romania in the 1860s to 18760s convinced jewish intellectuals such as Leon Pinsker that assimilation of the Jews into, or even acceptance by Christian European nations was impossible. -Theodor Herzel: established Austrian journalist and was stunned by mobs yellingdeath to the Jews. -Alfred Dreyfus: taunted Theodor. -World Zionist Organization:European Jews joined w/ Jewish leaders from eastern to make this group.

MAIN IDEA:european colonial domination spread to much of the rest of the middle east. of the often radical changes his government introduced in the 1920s and 1930s were modeled on Western precedents.The fact that the british had appeared to promise palestine for which they recieved a league of nations mandate in 1922, to both the Jewish Zionists and the arabs during the war greatly complicated an already confused situation.approved by the british war cabinet, fed existing Zionist aspirations for the jewish people to return to their ancient Middle EaHerzel: established Austrian journalist and was stunned by mobs yellingdeath to the Jewsstern lands of origin.These early moves were made in direct response to the persecution of the Jews of eastern Europe in the last decades of the 19th century.

Revolt in Egypt, 1919: -Egypt was not included in the promises made by the British to the sheriff Hussein. -By the end of the war, Egypt was ripe of revolt. -Some hearing was given to Egyptian ciommands. -Wafd party under its hard driving leader Sa'd Zaghlul provided the nationalists w/ a focus for unified action and as mass base that far excelled and they had attracted in the prewar decadfes. -The egyptian of the Wafd party did little torelive the increasing misery of the great majority of the egyptian people. -Theutter social bankruptcy of the 40 years of nationalists political dominance caused 70 percent of egyptians land which was ownedby six percent of the population.

MAIN IDEA:Egypt was not included in the promises made by the British to the sheriff Hussein.Wafd party under its hard driving leader Sa'd Zaghlul provided the nationalists w/ a focus for unified action.egyptian of the Wafd party did little torelive the increasing misery of the great majority.Theutter social bankruptcy of the 40 years of nationalists political dominance.

Outline page 727-729

Conflicting Nationalisms; Arabs, Israelis, and the palestinian Question: -Middle eastern states gained independance between the world wars. -A major muslim revolt swept Plalestine between 1936 and 1939. -Haganah: terrorist organization against jews. -The arab states that biordered the newly created nation of Israel had opposed the UN all oput warfare.

MAIN IDEA:Conflicting Nationalisms; Arabs, Israelis, and the palestinian Question.Middle eastern states gained independance.The arab states that biordered the newly created nation of Israel.

798-801 Outline notes Military responses: Dicatorships and revolutions: -Given the difficulties that leaders such as Nkrumah face after independence and the advantages the military have in crisis situations, the profileration of coups in the emerging is outragous -Once in control, military leaders have banned cilivian political parties and imposed military regimes of verying degress of repression and authorization control -MIlitary govt. have been notorious for official corrupition and imprisoning. -Gamal Abdul Nassar: took power in Egypt after a military coup in 1952. -Free officers movement evolved to a secret organizatoon established in the Egyptian army. -Muslim brotherhood: another revolutionaery alternative to the khedival regime. -to remedy these injustices and rid egypt of its foreign oppresors, al Banna founded the Muslim brotherhood in 1928 -After1952, mass anger w/ a discredited khedival and parliamentary regime gave the officers their chance. -The monarchy has ended -Egyptians ruled themselves for the first time since the 6th century. -Nasser and his officers used the dictatorial powers they had won in the coup. -Stiff restrictions were placed on foreign investments. -Many of Nassers initivitves misfired. -The dams indiferencew the flow of the nile resulted in increasing numbers of parasites that cause blindness. -Anwar Sadat, had little chhoice but to dismantle the massive state apparatus that had been created. -Hosni Mubarak: Anwar sadat's successor.

MAIN IDEA:difficulties that leaders such as Nkrumah face after independence and the advantages the military have in crisis situations,in control, military leaders have banned cilivian political parties and imposed military regimes. Gamal Abdul Nassar: took power in Egypt after a military coup in 1952.ruled themselves for the first time since the 6th century.dams indiferencew the flow of the nile resulted in increasing numbers of parasites that cause blindness

802-803 Outline notes -During the first decade of its freedom, India had the good fortune to be governed by leaders such as Jawaharlal Nehru and his allies in the congress pary

-Civil librities exemplified by a very outspoken press and free elections have been upheld to an extent that sets india off from much of the reast of the emerging nations -Green Revolution-the intrductyion of improved seed strains, fertilizers, and irrigation as a means of producing higher crop yields. -Despite its successes India has suffered from the same gap between needs and resources that all developing nations had to face. -In part this is because population growth has offset economic gains

Iran:Religious Revivalism and the rejaction of the west: -Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini:led Iran in revolutionary direction. -Core motivations for the followers of both movements were provided by the emphasis on religious purification. -Both the Mahdi and Khomeini claimed to be divinel inspired deliverers. -homeini's revolution owned its initial success in seizing power to a combination of circumstances that was unique to Iran. -Tried to impose economic development and social change through government directives. -The shahs dictational and repressve regime deeply offended the emerging middle classes. -The shahs half hearted land reform schemes alienated the land owning classes without doing much to improve the condition of the rural poor. -The Shah had badly neglected the military rank and file, especially in the army. Khomeini followed through on his promises of radical change.

MAIN IDEA:Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini:led Iran in revolutionary direction.revolution owned its initial success in seizing power to a combination of circumstances that was unique to Iran. shahs dictational and repressve regime deeply offended the emerging middle classes. Shah had badly neglected the military rank and file, especially in the army

3 Direct Comparisons + Analysis
Indian -> Egyptian

-Due to MIliary aggressiveness the ideaology of the leaders influened the conditions of India and Egypt, and their cultural heritage. -Violene -Islamic trading

Indian-> Iranian

-

Egypt-> Iranian

-both opposed Westernization out of the territory. -